Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Biological Oceanography Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The abundance, distribution, biodiversity and species composition of phytoplankton and the concentration of nutrient were evaluated in Chabahar Bay during 2018-2019. Phytoplankton succession is mostly posh by physical factors, nutrient availability, mixotrophy and phytoplankton’s predators. Water sampling was carried out by Niskin water sampler from 9 stations in 6 time periods (pre-monsoon, 2 times in southwest monsoon, post-monsoon and 2 times in summer monsoon). The physical and chemical factors were also recorded. In this study, 114 phytoplankton genus and species belonging to 4 main taxa were identified, of which the most dominant phytoplankton was Dinophyta with abundance of 94%. A significant difference of the density of phytoplankton among sampling months was observed (non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis, p≤0.05). Clear paradox between phytoplankton abundance and nutrient concentration was detected. The results showed that increasing the concentration of nutrients by the autumn resulted in highest number of phytoplankton in winter. CCA Analysis explained about 84% of variations on the phytoplankton density cause by nutrient concentration and dissolved Oxygen.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Al Hashmi, K., Claereboudt, M., Piontkovski, S., Al Azri, A. and Amin, S.M.N., 2015. Seasonal variability of size-classes of phytoplankton biomass in a sub-tropical embayment, Muscat, Sea of Oman. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, Vol.14, No. 1, pp: 136-149.
- Al-Hashmi, K., Sarma, Y.V.B., Claereboudt, M.; Al- Azri, A.R.; Piontkovski, S.A. and Al-Habsi. H., 2012. Phytoplankton community structure in the Bay of Bandar Khyran, Sea of Oman with special reference to harmful algae. International Journal of Marine Science, Vol.2, No. 5, pp: 31-42.
- Al-Saadi, H. A. and Hadi, R. A. M., 1987. Ecological and taxonomical studies on phytoplankton in the RSA. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol.18, No. 3, pp: 7-31.
- Al-Yamani, F.Y., Bishop, J., Al-Rifaie, K., Ismail, W., Al-Yaqout, A., Al-Omran, L., Kwarteng, A., Al-Ghadban, A. and Sheppard, C., 1997. Assessment of the effects of the Shatt Al-Arab’s altered discharge regimes on the ecology of the northern Arabian Gulf. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Report No. KISR, 5174.
- Al-Yamani, F.Y.; Khvorov, S.A. and Khvorov, A.S., 2010. Interactive Guide of Planktonic Decapod Larvae of Kuwait’s Waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Researches. Electronic resource. Registry, (2010/009), 4.
- ASTM 4148-82, 2012. Standard Test Method for Analysis of Phytoplankton in Surface Water by the Sedgwick-Rafter Method. ASTM Committee E47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E47.01 on Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology, United States.
- Attaran- Fariman, G., 2010. Dispersion of potentially HABs former species along the south- east coast of the Oman Sea. Final Report of the project to Iran’s Marine environment.
- Corcoran, A.A. and Shipe, R.F., 2011. Inshore–offshore and vertical patterns of phytoplankton biomass and community composition in Santa Monica Bay, CA (USA). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Vol.94, No.1, pp: 24-35.
- Dorgham, M. M., 2013. Plankton research in the ROPME Sea Area, achievements and gaps, International Journal of Environmental Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp: 767-778.
- Dorgham, M.M. and Moftah, A., 1989. Environmental conditions and phytoplankton distribution in the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, September 1986. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. Cochin, Vol.31, No. 1, pp: 36-53.
- Fatemi, A. R., Vosughi, G. H. and Nikoueian, A. R., 2005. Diatoms diversity and abundance in Iranian waters of theRSA, Bushehr area. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, Vol.13, NO. 4, pp: 111-124.
- Fazeli, N., Rezai Marnani, H., Sanjani, S., Zare, R., Dehghan, S. and Jahani N., 2010. Seasonal variation of Copepoda in Chabahar Bay. Jordan J of Biological Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp: 153-164.
- Fazeli, N., Savari, A., Nabavi, S.M.B. and Zare, R., 2013. Seasonal variation of zooplankton abundance, composition and biomass in the Chabahar Bay. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, Vol.1, No. 6, pp: 294-305.
- Goes, J.I. and Gomes, H.D.R., 2016. An ecosystem in transition: the emergence of mixotrophy in the Arabian Sea. In Aquatic Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry: A Dual Perspective (pp. 155-170). Springer, Cham.
- Goes, J.I., Tian, H., do Rosario Gomes, H.; Anderson, O.R., Al-Hashmi, K., deRada, S., Luo, H., Al-Kharusi, L., Al-Azri, A. and Martinson, D.G., 2020. Ecosystem state change in the Arabian Sea fuelled by the recent loss of snow over the Himalayan-Tibetan plateau region. Scientific Reports, Vol.10, No. 1, pp: 1-8.
- Goes, J.I., Tian, H., Gomes, H. do R., Anderson, O.R.; Al-Hashmi, K.; deRada, S., Luo, H., Al-Kharusi, L., Al-Azri, A. and Martinson, D.G., 2020. Ecosystem state change in the Arabian Sea fuelled by the recent loss of snow over the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau region. Sci. Rep. No. 10, pp: 2–9.
- Gomes, H.D.R., McKee, K., Mile, A., Thandapu, S., Al-Hashmi, K., Jiang, X. and Goes, J.I., 2018. Influence of light availability and prey type on the growth and photo-physiological rates of the mixotroph Noctiluca scintillans. Frontiers in Marine Science, No.5, pp: 374.
- Gomes, H.do R., Goes, J.I., Matondkar, S.P., Buskey, E.J., Basu, S., Parab, S. and Thoppil, P., 2014. Massive outbreaks of Noctiluca scintillans blooms in the Arabian Sea due to spread of hypoxia. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, No.1, pp: 1-8.
- Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K. and Ehrhardt, M. eds., 2009. Methods of seawater analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
- Guinder, V.A.; López-Abbate, M.C.; Berasategui, A.A.; Negrin, V.L.; Zapperi, G.; Pratolongo, P.D.; Severini, M.D.F. and Popovich, C.A., 2015. Influence of the winter phytoplankton bloom on the settled material in a temperate shallow estuary. Oceanologia, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp: 50-60.
- Hassan, F.M., Taylor, W.D., Al-Taee, M.M. and Al-Fatlawi, H.J., 2010. Phytoplankton composition of Euphrates River in Al-Hindiya barrage and kifil city region of Iraq. Journal of Environmental Biology, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp: 343.
- Issa, A.A., Abd-Alla, M.H. and Ohyama, T., 2014. Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria: future prospect. Advances in biology and ecology of nitrogen fixation, No.2, pp: 24-48.
- Koochaknejad, E., Ghazilou, A., Ershadifar, H.; Kor, K. and Maghsoudlou, A., 2016. A three-year record of red tides in Chabahar coastal waters (North of Gulf of Oman). Journal of the Persian Gulf. Vol. 7, No. 25, pp: 61-66.
- Lotliker, A.A., Baliarsingh, S.K., Trainer, V.L., Wells, M.L., Wilson, C., Bhaskar, T.U., Samanta, A. and Shahimol, S.R., 2018. Characterization of oceanic Noctiluca blooms not associated with hypoxia in the Northeastern Arabian Sea. Harmful algae, No. 74, pp: 46-57.
- Mirzaei, M. R., seraji, F., Erfanifar, E., Aminirad, T., Aminikhoei, Z. and Azhang, B., 2017. Assessing phytoplankton community structure in relation to hydrographic parameters and seasonal variation (Pre & Post Monsoon). Journal of Biological Diversity. No. 18, pp: 507-513.
- Moopam, R., 1999. Manual of oceanographic observations and pollutant analysis methods. ROPME. Kuwait, 1 20, pp: 122-133.
- Nowrouzi, S. and Valavi, H., 2011. Effects of environmental factors on phytoplankton abundance and diversity in Kaftar Lake. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, Vol.6, No. 2, pp: 130.
- Oksanen, J.; Blanchet, F. G., and Lindt, R., 2013. Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version. No. 2.pp: 0-7.
- R Core Team, 2013. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/.
- Rakhesh, M., Raman, A.V., Ganesh, T., Chandramohan, P. and Dehairs, F., 2013. Small copepods structuring mesozooplankton community dynamics in a tropical estuary-coastal system. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, No.126, pp: 7-22.
- ROPME, 1999. The Regional Organization for the Protection of Marine Environment.
- Saraji, F., Wan Maznah, W. O., Ebrahimi, M.; Jokar, K. and Akbarzadeh, G. A., 2014. Seasonal Variation of Phytoplankton Community in the Northern Of Oman Sea (Part of Iranian Waters). International Journal of Botany and Research, No.4, pp: 19-28.
- Vajravelu, M., Martin, Y., Ayyappan, S. and Mayakrishnan, M., 2018. Seasonal influence of physico-chemical parameters on phytoplankton diversity, community structure and abundance at Parangipettai coastal waters, Bay of Bengal, South East Coast of India. Oceanologia, Vol. 60No. 2, pp: 114-127.
- Xiang, C., Tan, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Ke, Z. and Li, G., 2019. The key to dinoflagellate (Noctiluca scintillans) blooming and outcompeting diatoms in winter off Pakistan, northern Arabian Sea. Science of the Total Environment, No.694, 133396.
)