Environment and Interdisciplinary Development

Evaluation of the Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Eco-Friendly Antifouling Agent in Epoxy Paint on Marine Fish Cage Culture

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Sajedeh Mazarei 1
Mohsen Safaie 1
Ahmad Homaei 2
Zahra Ghasemi 1

1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran

2 Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22034/envj.2025.502369.1461
Abstract
Introduction: Biofouling refers to the process of attachment and growth of organisms on surfaces in marine waters. This phenomenon is considered one of the major problems in marine industries, such as aquaculture. Therefore, anti fouling coatings have been developed to combat fouling organisms. Considering the negative impacts of toxic antifouling paints on the environment, the development of eco friendly paints has become an important goal for researchers. One innovative approach to address this issue is the use of nanoparticles in the production of ecofriendly paints. The present study is dedicated to analyzing the antifouling properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles in epoxy paint formulations.
Materials and Methods: The anti fouling effectiveness of zinc oxide nanoparticles was evaluated through antibacterial tests conducted over 48 hours at concentrations of 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, and 0 (control) mg/L, as well as anti  algal tests over 72 hours at concentrations of 800, 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 0 (control) mg/L. Additionally, the toxicity effects on two zooplankton species, Amphibalanus amphitrite and Artemia salina, were assessed over 72 hours at concentrations of 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 0 (control) mg/L in the laboratory. The minimum inhibitory concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was determined to be 12.5 mg/L and 50 mg/L, respectively.
Results: In the anti algal test of zinc oxide nanoparticles, the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the alga Chaetoceros muelleri was determined to be 83.85 mg/L, and the highest percentage of average inhibition of specific growth at a concentration of 800 mg/L was found to be 83.87%. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have caused toxicity in the microalga C. muelleri even at the lowest tested concentration. The lethal concentration (LC50) of nanoparticles for Amphibalanus amphitrite and Artemia salina was obtained as 162.69 mg/L and 395.66 mg/L, respectively. The anti-fouling performance of zinc oxide nanoparticles was evaluated by adding 2%, 4%, and 8% by weight to the epoxy resin paint on fiberglass pieces for 90 days in a fish farming cage in a marine environment. The results showed that the lowest weight of the fiberglass pieces on days 30, 60, and 90 was associated with the treatment of 8% zinc oxide nanoparticles, which exhibited a significant difference compared to the control treatments (P ≤ 0.05).
Discussion: The antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles may be attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS), the potential generation of free radicals, and the release of metal ions. The nanoparticles can penetrate the cell wall of the algae, leading to structural damage that results in the release of cellular contents and ultimately cell death. The anti-fouling effectiveness of the paint increased with the amount of zinc oxide nanoparticles. High concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles release significant amounts of zinc ions. Zinc ions can pass through the cell membrane and generate reactive oxygen species, leading to damage to cellular components, disruption of cellular functions, and cell death. The high anti fouling efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles could be an effective strategy for combating marine biofouling.

Keywords

Nanoparticles
Antifouling
Anti-Algal Antibacterial
Non-Toxic Paint

Subjects

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Environment and Interdisciplinary Development
Volume 9, Issue 86
Winter 2025
Pages 47-64

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