Environment and Interdisciplinary Development

Identifying the Effects of Urban Growth on National Parks based on the Novel Integration Approach: DPSIR-DANP (Case Study: Bamoo National Park - Shiraz City - Fars Province)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

fatemeh pouryanezhad 1
Seyyed Masoud Monavari 1
Maryam Robati 1
Alireza Vafaeinejad 2
Hossein Mohammadi 3

1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Mapping Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

3 Natural Geography Education Group, Faculty of Geography, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22034/envj.2025.505949.1469
Abstract
Introduction: Unrestricted urbanization has driven the rapid expansion of cities, posing significant challenges to natural resources and environmental integrity. Iran, like many other nations, has experienced this trend, undergoing substantial changes as a result. To minimize biodiversity loss, it is crucial to analyze the impacts of urbanization on biodiversity and implement targeted, effective policies. These policies should focus on identifying vulnerable species and areas where the effects of urban expansion are highly concentrated, enabling informed and conscientious urban planning.
The primary objective of this study is to identify key indicators of degradation within Bamou National Park. This includes determining the interdependencies among these indicators and, ultimately, ranking the factors contributing to degradation to facilitate effective management and planning strategies for the area. Data collection was conducted using a survey-based research approach, with the statistical population defined by a panel of environmental experts and specialists.
Materials and Methods: To analyze and establish the relationships between urban growth policies and the management of Bamou National Park, a 5-kilometer buffer zone surrounding the park was initially delineated using Google Earth Engine. This delineation allowed for the monitoring and measurement of changes in land cover and land use patterns. Subsequently, expert opinions gathered from the region, coupled with a review of relevant literature, were used to develop a hierarchical DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) model. Concurrently, an evaluation index system was designed across four domains: physical/chemical, biological, economic, and socio-cultural. An initial matrix containing over 60 criteria was developed, and the criteria and sub-criteria were ranked using the Delphi method to prioritize relevant indicators. Additionally, the DANP (DEMATEL- ANP) model was employed to determine and estimate the influence and interrelation of factors affecting Bamou National Park.
Results: The findings reveal that the economic environment ranks highest among the evaluation criteria. The sub-criteria were ranked as follows, with their respective weights: agricultural and horticultural development (weight = 0.071), land-use change and illegal occupation (weight = 0.069), tourism and recreation (weight = 0.068), and increased construction (weight = 0.067). Based on these results, specific strategies for achieving a favorable outcome have been proposed.
Discussion: A significant disparity in the physical growth patterns of cities surrounding Bamou National Park (within the 5-kilometer buffer zone) is evident, highlighting the neglect of a critical potential resource – imminent habitat loss. A thorough review of existing policies, laws, and regulations, coupled with their rigorous implementation, is essential. Also critical are targeted conservation efforts, continuous public education campaigns emphasizing the importance of protecting these areas, the promotion of sustainable ecotourism initiatives, the adoption of environmentally sound agricultural practices, encouraging responsible natural resource use, and active public participation in conservation efforts. These measures can mitigate habitat fragmentation and prevent the extinction of plant and animal species within the region. Furthermore, it is recommended to foster international collaboration and knowledge exchange with similar and more developed countries. Additionally, leveraging the resources and mechanisms of international environmental institutions to assign economic value to managed areas is crucial. This valuation can serve to reduce encroachment, prevent land-use conversions, and safeguard these areas from further degradation.

Keywords

Urban Growth
Change of Use
DPSIR Model
DANP Model
Areas Under the Management of the Environment Department
Subjects
1.       Aliei, M., Ghaderifar, E., Hoorali, M. and Hamidi, F., 2020. Assessing the Interactions of Third-Party Logistics Enablers with the DANP Hybrid Technique. Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 13(1), 61-91. https://doi.org/10.22035/ISIH.2021.3906.4022
2.       Alo, C.A. and Pontius, Jr, R.G., 2008. Identifying systematic land-cover transitions using remote sensing and GIS: the fate of forests inside and outside protected areas of Southwestern Ghana. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 35(2), 280-295. https://doi.org/10.1068/b32091
3.       Bamou National Park Environmental Experts., 2019. Birth Certificate of Bamou National Park. Shiraz, Iran
4.       Barber, C.P., Cochrane, M.A., Souza Jr, C.M. and Laurance, W.F., 2014. Roads, deforestation, and the mitigating effect of protected areas in the Amazon. Biological conservation, 177, 203-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2014.07.004
5.       Bamou Abad Consulting Engineers., 2008. National Park Management Plan with Explanatory ‎Steps (Planning). Iran: Office of Habitats and Regional Affairs, Amendment 2015 (Persian)
6.       Battista, F., Camacho, Y.M., Hernández, S., Bensaid, S., Herrmann, A., Krause, H., Trimis, D. and Fino, D., 2017. LCA evaluation for the hydrogen production from biogas through the innovative BioRobur project concept. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(19), 14030-14043. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2016.12.065
7.       Bizikova, L., Metternicht, G. and Yarde, T., 2018. Environmental mainstreaming and policy coherence: essential policy tools to link international agreements with national development—a case study of the Caribbean region. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20, 975-995. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10668-017-9924-X/METRICS
8.       Bradley, P. and Yee, S., 2015. Using the DPSIR framework to develop a conceptual model: technical support document. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development ….
9.       Chandrakumar, C. and McLaren, S.J., 2018. Towards a comprehensive absolute sustainability assessment method for effective Earth system governance: Defining key environmental indicators using an enhanced-DPSIR framework. Ecological Indicators, 90, 577-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2018.03.063
10.    Chen, J., Jiskani, I.M., Jinliang, C. and Yan, H., 2020. Evaluation and future framework of green mine construction in China based on the DPSIR model. Sustainable Environment Research, 30(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S42834-020-00054-8/FIGURES/4
11.    Chiu, W.-Y., Tzeng, G.-H. and Li, H.-L., 2013. A new hybrid MCDM model combining DANP with VIKOR to improve e-store business. Knowledge-based systems, 37, 48-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.KNOSYS.2012.06.017
12.    Chuang, Y.H., Yu, R.F., Chen, W.Y., Chen, H.W. and Su, Y.T., 2018. Sustainable planning for a coastal wetland system with an integrated ANP and DPSIR model for conflict resolution. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 26, 1015-1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11273-018-9627-‎‎6/METRICS
13.    Dayamba, S.D., Djoudi, H., Zida, M., Sawadogo, L. and Verchot, L., 2016. Biodiversity and carbon stocks in different land use types in the Sudanian Zone of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 216, 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGEE.2015.09.023
14.    de Matos Dias, D., Ferreguetti, Á.C. and Rodrigues, F.H.G., 2020. Using an occupancy approach to identify poaching hotspots in protected areas in a seasonally dry tropical forest. Biological conservation, 251, 108796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108796
15.    De Oliveira, J.P., Balaban, O., Doll, C.N., Moreno-Peñaranda, R., Gasparatos, A., Iossifova, D. and Suwa, A., 2011. Cities and biodiversity: Perspectives and governance challenges for implementing the convention on biological diversity (CBD) at the city level. Biological conservation, 144(5), 1302-1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2010.12.007
16.    DeFries, R., Hansen, A., Newton, A.C. and Hansen, M.C., 2005. Increasing isolation of protected areas in tropical forests over the past twenty years. Ecological applications, 15(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5258
17.    Dinerstein, E., Vynne, C., Sala, E., Joshi, A.R., Fernando, S., Lovejoy, T.E., Mayorga, J., Olson, D., Asner, G.P. and Baillie, J.E., 2019. A global deal for nature: guiding principles, milestones, and targets. Science advances, 5(4), eaaw2869. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.Aaw2869
18.    Dossou, J.F., Li, X.X., Kang, H. and Boré, A., 2021. Impact of climate change on the Oueme basin in Benin. Global Ecology and Conservation, 28, e01692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01692
19.    Elliott, A. and Cullis, J., 2017. The importance of the humanities to the climate change debate. Climate Change and the Humanities: Historical, Philosophical and Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Contemporary Environmental Crisis, 15-42.
20.    Ellis, E.A., Baerenklau, K.A., Marcos-Martínez, R. and Chávez, E., 2010. Land use/land cover change dynamics and drivers in a low-grade marginal coffee growing region of Veracruz, Mexico. Agroforestry Systems, 80, 61-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10457-‎‎010-9339-2/TABLES/9
21.    Elmqvist, T., Zipperer, W.C. and üneralp, B., 2016. Urbanization, habitat loss and biodiversity decline: Solution pathways to break the cycle. In The Routledge handbook of urbanization and global environmental change (pp. 163-175). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315849256-‎‎20/Urbanization-Habitat-Loss-Biodiversity-Decline-Solution-‎Pathways-Break-Cycle-Thomas-Elmqvist-Wayne-Zipperer-Burak-G
22.    Estrada, A., Garber, P.A., Rylands, A.B., Roos, C., Fernandez-Duque, E., Di Fiore, A., Nekaris, K.A.-I., Nijman, V., Heymann, E. W. and Lambert, J.E., 2017. Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: Why primates matter. Science advances, 3(1), 2375-2548. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIADV.1600946
23.    Fardila, D., Kelly, L.T., Moore, J.L. and McCarthy, M.A., 2017. A systematic review reveals changes in where and how we have studied habitat loss and fragmentation over 20 years. Biological conservation, 212, 130-138.
24.    Foroozesh, F., Monavari, S.M., Salmanmahiny, A., Robati, M. and Rahimi, R., 2022. Assessment of sustainable urban development based on a hybrid decision-making approach: Group fuzzy BWM, AHP, and TOPSIS–GIS. Sustainable cities and society, 76, 103402.
25.    Gabrielsen, P. and Bosch, P., 2003. Environmental indicators: typology and use in reporting. European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen.
26.    Gabus, A. and Fontela, E., 1972. World problems, an invitation to further thought within the framework of DEMATEL. Battelle Geneva Research Center, Geneva, Switzerland, 1(8), 12-14.
27.    Gallardo, M. and Martínez-Vega, J., 2017. Future land use change dynamics in natural protected areas-Madrid region case study. International Workshop on Geomatic Approaches for Modelling Land Change Scenarios,
28.    Geschke, A., James, S., Bennett, A.F. and Nimmo, D.G., 2018. Compact cities or sprawling suburbs? Optimising the distribution of people in cities to maximise species diversity. Journal of applied ecology, 55(5), 2320-2331. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-‎‎2664.13183
29.    Ghobadi, M., Nasri, M. and Ahmadipari, M., 2021. Land suitability assessment (LSA) for aquaculture site selection via an integrated GIS-DANP multi-criteria method; a case study of lorestan province, Iran. Aquaculture, 530, 735776.
30.    Gigović, L., Pamučar, D., Božanić, D. and Ljubojević, S., 2017. Application of the GIS-DANP-MABAC multi-criteria model for selecting the location of wind farms: A case study of Vojvodina, Serbia. Renewable energy, 103, 501-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2016.11.057
31.    Greco, S., Figueira, J. and Ehrgott, M., 2016. Multiple criteria decision analysis (Vol. 37). Springer.
32.    Grimm, N.B., Foster, D., Groffman, P., Grove, J.M., Hopkinson, C.S., Nadelhoffer, K.J., Pataki, D.E. and Peters, D.P., 2008. The changing landscape: ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climatic and societal gradients. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6(5), 264-272. https://doi.org/10.1890/070147
33.    Güneralp, B. and Seto, K., 2013. Futures of global urban expansion: uncertainties and implications for biodiversity conservation. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 014025.
34.    Gupta, J., Scholtens, J., Perch, L., Dankelman, I., Seager, J., Sánder, F., Stanley-Jones, M. and Kempf, I., 2020. Re-imagining the driver–pressure–state–impact–response framework from an equity and inclusive development perspective. Sustainability Science, 15, 503-520. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11625-019-00708-6/FIGURES/5
35.    Hsu, C.-H., Wang, F.-K. and Tzeng, G.-H., 2012. The best vendor selection for conducting the recycled material based on a hybrid MCDM model combining DANP with VIKOR. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 66, 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2012.02.009
36.    Jiang, L. and Yu, L., 2019. Analyzing land use intensity changes within and outside protected areas using ESA CCI-LC datasets. Global Ecology and Conservation, 20, e00789. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GECCO.2019.E00789
37.    Kamyab, H. and Salmanmahiny, A., 2018. An Introduction to Urban Growth ‎Modeling and its Applications. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ‎Resources.
38.    Kazuva, E., Zhang, J., Tong, Z., Si, A. and Na, L., 2018. The DPSIR model for environmental risk assessment of municipal solid waste in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(8), 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH15081692
39.    Khatibi, A., Danehkar, A., Pourebrahim, S. and Vahid, M., 2015. Introduction of DPSIR Model and Its Applicable in Environmental decision making. Human & Environment, 13(4), 65-79. https://he.srbiau.ac.ir/article_8959.html
40.    Knapp, S., Aronson, M.F., Carpenter, E., Herrera-Montes, A., Jung, K., Kotze, D.J., La Sorte, F.A., Lepczyk, C.A., MacGregor-Fors, I. and MacIvor, J.S., 2022. A research agenda for urban biodiversity in the global extinction crisis. BioScience, 71(3), 268-279. https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOSCI/BIAA141
41.    Kobayashi, Y., Okada, K.-i. and Mori, A.S., 2019. Reconsidering biodiversity hotspots based on the rate of historical land-use change. Biological conservation, 233, 268-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2019.02.032
42.    Koczur, L., 2012. Urban Bird Ecology and Conservation. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.714
43.    Kowarik, I., Fischer, L.K. and Kendal, D., 2020. Biodiversity conservation and sustainable urban development. In (Vol. 12, pp. 4964): MDPI.
44.    Kun, Á., Oborny, B. and Dieckmann, U., 2019. Five main phases of landscape degradation revealed by a dynamic mesoscale model analysing the splitting, shrinking, and disappearing of habitat patches. Scientific reports, 9(1), 11149. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-‎‎019-47497-7
45.    Labianca, C., De Gisi, S., Todaro, F. and Notarnicola, M., 2020. DPSIR model applied to the remediation of contaminated sites. A case study: Mar Piccolo of Taranto. Applied Sciences, 10(15), 5080. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP10155080
46.    Laurance, W.F., Sayer, J. and Cassman, K.G., 2014. Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature. Trends in ecology & evolution, 29(2), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TREE.2013.12.001
47.    Lepczyk, C.A., La Sorte, F.A., Aronson, M.F., Goddard, M.A., MacGregor-Fors, I., Nilon, C.H. and Warren, P.S., 2017. Global patterns and drivers of urban bird diversity. Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments, 13-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-‎‎319-43314-1_2/COVER
48.    López-Angarita, J., Tilley, A., Hawkins, J.P., Pedraza, C. and Roberts, C.M., 2018. Land use patterns and influences of protected areas on mangroves of the eastern tropical Pacific. Biological conservation, 227, 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2018.08.020
49.    Majnoonian, H., 2003. National parks planning guide. In (Vol. 17 (Persian)): Food ‎and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 1989).
50.    Martin, C., Evans, J., Karvonen, A., Paskaleva, K., Yang, D. and Linjordet, T., 2019. Smart-sustainability: A new urban fix? Sustainable cities and society, 45, 640-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2018.11.028
51.    Mooney, H.A., Duraiappah, A. and Larigauderie, A., 2013. Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(supplement_1), 3665-3672. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1107484110/SUPPL_FILE/PNAS.201107484SI.PDF
52.    Moradpanah, M., Monavari, S.M., Shariat, S.M., Khan Mohammadi, M. and Ghajar, I., 2022. Evaluation of Ecological Vulnerability of Coasts of the Caspian Sea Based on Multi-Criteria Decision Methods (Iran). Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 50(12), 2479-2502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-022-‎‎01612-w
53.    Naidoo, R., Gerkey, D., Hole, D., Pfaff, A., Ellis, A.M., Golden, C.D., Herrera, D., Johnson, K., Mulligan, M. and Ricketts, T.H., 2019. Evaluating the impacts of protected areas on human well-being across the developing world.Scienceadvances,5(4),eaav3006.https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIADV.AAV3006/SUPPL_FILE/AAV3006_SM.PDF
54.    Niemelä, J., 1999. Ecology and urban planning. Biodiversity & Conservation, 8, 119-131.
55.    Noroozi, E., Pourebrahim, S., Goshtasb, H. and Jahani, A., 2019. Zoning hazards to biodiversity in Central Alborz Protected Area (southern part in Alborz Province) using multi-criteria decision making techniques. Journal of Animal Environment, 11(1), 97-104. http://www.aejournal.ir/article_90571_en.html
56.    O’Higgins, T.G., Lago, M. and DeWitt, T.H., 2020. Ecosystem-based management, ecosystem services and aquatic biodiversity: Theory, tools and applications. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45843-0
57.    Obubu, J.P., Odong, R., Alamerew, T., Fetahi, T. and Mengistou, S., 2022. Application of DPSIR model to identify the drivers and impacts of land use and land cover changes and climate change on land, water, and livelihoods in the L. Kyoga basin: implications for sustainable management. Environmental Systems Research, 11(1), 1-21.
58.    Pagany, R., 2020. Wildlife-vehicle collisions-Influencing factors, data collection and research methods. Biological conservation, 251, 108758.
59.    Rafaai, N.H., Abdullah, S.A. and Reza, M.I.H., 2020. Identifying factors and predicting the future land-use change of protected area in the agricultural landscape of Malaysian peninsula for conservation planning. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 18, 100298. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSASE.2020.100298
60.    Rasouli, R., Mowgli, A. and Rashidi, M., 2013. Designing a model to strengthen the ‎organizational sustainability of basic knowledge workers, using the Delphi technique. Career ‎and Organizational Consulting Quarterly, 6(21 (Persian)).
61.    Rodríguez-Rodríguez, D. and Martínez-Vega, J., 2018. Preface: Special Issue on Sustainable Territorial Management. In (Vol. 5, pp. 90): MDPI.
62.    Roy, B. and Bouyssou, D., 1995. Comparison of two decision-aid models applied to a nuclear power plant siting example. Markets, Risk and Money: Essays in Honor of Maurice Allais, 249-278.
63.    Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Daily, G.C., Pfaff, A.S. and Busch, C., 2003. Integrity and isolation of Costa Rica's national parks and biological reserves: examining the dynamics of land-cover change. Biological conservation, 109(1), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00145-3
64.    Schieltz, J.M. and Rubenstein, D.I., 2016. Evidence based review: positive versus negative effects of livestock grazing on wildlife. What do we really know? Environmental Research Letters, 11(11), 113003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/11/113003
65.    Scolozzi, R., Schirpke, U., Morri, E., D'Amato, D. and Santolini, R., 2014. Ecosystem services-based SWOT analysis of protected areas for conservation strategies. Journal of environmental management, 146, 543-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2014.05.040
66.    Seiferling, I.S., Proulx, R., Peres‐Neto, P.R., Fahrig, L. and Messier, C., 2012. Measuring protected‐area isolation and correlations of isolation with land‐use intensity and protection status. Conservation Biology, 26(4), 610-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1523-1739.2011.01674.X
67.    Shah, P., Baylis, K., Busch, J. and Engelmann, J., 2021. What determines the effectiveness of national protected area networks? Environmental Research Letters, 16(7), 074017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac05ed
68.    Si, S.-L., You, X.-Y., Liu, H.-C. and Zhang, P., 2018. DEMATEL technique: A systematic review of the state-of-the-art literature on methodologies and applications. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2018, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3696457
69.    Simkin, R.D., Seto, K.C., McDonald, R.I. and Jetz, W., 2022. Biodiversity impacts and conservation implications of urban land expansion projected to 2050. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(12), e2117297119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117297119‎
70.    Siwailam, M., Abdelsalam, H. and Saleh, M., 2019. Integrated DPSIR-ANP-SD framework for Sustainability Assessment of Water Resources System in Egypt.
71.    Sobhani, P. and Danehkar, A., 2024.Evaluation of the Ecological Security and Tourism Vulnerability in the Hara Protected Area. https://www.envjournal.ir
72.    Tang, Q., Wang, J., Jing, Z., Yan, Y. and Niu, H., 2021. Response of ecological vulnerability to land use change in a resource-based city, China. Resources Policy, 74, 102324. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESOURPOL.2021.102324
73.    Tscherning, K., Helming, K., Krippner, B., Sieber, S. and Paloma, S.G., 2012. Does research applying the DPSIR framework support decision making? Land use policy, 29(1), 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2011.05.009
74.    Van Asselen, S. and Verburg, P.H., 2013. Land cover change or land‐use intensification: simulating land system change with a global‐scale land change model. Global change biology, 19(12), 3648-3667. https://doi.org/10.1111/GCB.12331
75.    von der Lippe, M., Buchholz, S., Hiller, A., Seitz, B. and Kowarik, I., 2020. CityScapeLab Berlin: A research platform for untangling urbanization effects on biodiversity. Sustainability, 12(6), 2565. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062565
76.    Wang, L., Yang, M., Pathan, Z.H., Salam, S., Shahzad, K. and Zeng, J., 2018. Analysis of influencing factors of big data adoption in Chinese enterprises using DANP technique. Sustainability, 10(11), 3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10113956
77.    Wang, W., Sun, Y. and Wu, J., 2018. Environmental warning system based on the DPSIR model: A practical and concise method for environmental assessment. Sustainability, 10(6), 1728.
78.    Wu, X., Liu, H., Li, X., Ciais, P., Babst, F., Guo, W., Zhang, C., Magliulo, V., Pavelka, M. and Liu, S., 2018. Differentiating drought legacy effects on vegetation growth over the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Global change biology, 24(1), 504-516. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13920‎
79.    Xu, J. and Melick, D.R., 2007. Rethinking the effectiveness of public protected areas in southwestern China. Conservation Biology, 21(2), 318-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1523-1739.2006.00636.X.‎
80.    Yang, R., Cao, Y., Hou, S., Peng, Q., Wang, X., Wang, F., Tseng, T.-H., Yu, L., Carver, S. and Convery, I., 2020. Cost-effective priorities for the expansion of global terrestrial protected areas: Setting post-2020 global and national targets. Science advances, 6(37), eabc3436. 
Environment and Interdisciplinary Development
Volume 11, Issue 91
Spring 2026
Pages 101-122

Home

Submit Manuscript

Contact Us