Abstract
Introduction:Unrestricted urbanization has driven the rapid expansion of cities, posing significant challenges to natural resources and environmental integrity. Iran, like many other nations, has experienced this trend, undergoing substantial changes as a result. To minimize biodiversity loss, it is crucial to analyze the impacts of urbanization on biodiversity and implement targeted, effective policies. These policies should focus on identifying vulnerable species and areas where the effects of urban expansion are highly concentrated, enabling informed and conscientious urban planning.
The primary objective of this study is to identify key indicators of degradation within Bamou National Park. This includes determining the interdependencies among these indicators and, ultimately, ranking the factors contributing to degradation to facilitate effective management and planning strategies for the area. Data collection was conducted using a survey-based research approach, with the statistical population defined by a panel of environmental experts and specialists.
Materials and Methods:To analyze and establish the relationships between urban growth policies and the management of Bamou National Park, a 5 kilometer buffer zone surrounding the park was initially delineated using Google Earth Engine. This delineation allowed for the monitoring and measurement of changes in land cover and land use patterns. Subsequently, expert opinions gathered from the region, coupled with a review of relevant literature, were used to develop a hierarchical DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) model. Concurrently, an evaluation index system was designed across four domains: physical/chemical, biological, economic, and socio-cultural. An initial matrix containing over 60 criteria was developed, and the criteria and sub-criteria were ranked using the Delphi method to prioritize relevant indicators. Additionally, the DANP (DEMATEL- ANP) model was employed to determine and estimate the influence and interrelation of factors affecting Bamou National Park.
Results:The findings reveal that the economic environment ranks highest among the evaluation criteria. The sub-criteria were ranked as follows, with their respective weights: agricultural and horticultural development (weight = 0.071), land-use change and illegal occupation (weight = 0.069), tourism and recreation (weight = 0.068), and increased construction (weight = 0.067). Based on these results, specific strategies for achieving a favorable outcome have been proposed.
Discussion:A significant disparity in the physical growth patterns of cities surrounding Bamou National Park (within the 5-kilometer buffer zone) is evident, highlighting the neglect of a critical potential resource – imminent habitat loss. A thorough review of existing policies, laws, and regulations, coupled with their rigorous implementation, is essential. Also critical are targeted conservation efforts, continuous public education campaigns emphasizing the importance of protecting these areas, the promotion of sustainable ecotourism initiatives, the adoption of environmentally sound agricultural practices, encouraging responsible natural resource use, and active public participation in conservation efforts. These measures can mitigate habitat fragmentation and prevent the extinction of plant and animal species within the region. Furthermore, it is recommended to foster international collaboration and knowledge exchange with similar and more developed countries. Additionally, leveraging the resources and mechanisms of international environmental institutions to assign economic value to managed areas is crucial. This valuation can serve to reduce encroachment, prevent land-use conversions, and safeguard these areas from further degradation.