Introduction
The perception of drought varies from place to place due to the interplay of natural drought and various human factors (Savari et al., 2025). Farmers’ perceptions of drought impact refer to a set of behaviors, beliefs, and judgments about drought that are shaped by expectations, definitions, memories, experiences, and exposure to drought (Sam et al., 2020). Drought perception can help ensure the successful implementation of drought adaptation strategies (Slegers, 2008). Farmers’ perceptions and anticipation of drought are critical elements for evaluating adaptation strategies (Sultana et al., 2020; Aliyar et al., 2022). Farmers need to understand the consequences of global warming to implement adaptation strategies that reduce the impacts of drought and enhance the global resilience of the agro-ecological system (Hasan and Kumar, 2019; Nayak et al., 2022; Ogundeji et al., 2022).
Perception of climate variability among farmers is a complex process that encompasses various psychological aspects such as knowledge, opinions, behaviors, and practices related to regional climate change (Whitmarsh and Capstick, 2018). The extent to which farmers perceive and are aware of drought, the severity of different drought impacts, and different adaptation techniques at the household level is crucial (Udmale et al., 2014). Perception of drought ultimately guides individual adaptation behavior (Savari et al., 2025). Therefore, in a general conclusion, it can be said that given that farmers' perception of drought varies from one region to another and this affects adaptation behaviors. Therefore, this issue needs to be investigated in different regions of Iran to determine what factors affect farmers' perceptions and based on their perceptions, a strategic plan can be prepared for the development of adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector. In line with this issue, the present study was conducted with the general aim of comparative investigation of farmers' perceptions of temperature, drought and precipitation changes with secondary data in Bavi County.

Materials and Methods
This research aimed to explore the obstacles to farmers' adaptation to drought conditions. The study's sample consisted of 350 farmers from Bavi County, selected through cluster sampling based on the Krejci and Morgan table. The primary tool used was a custom-designed questionnaire with a Likert scale, whose validity was confirmed by subject matter experts and reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis included both descriptive and inferential statistics, conducted using SPSS software.
Results and Discussion
Findings revealed that nearly half of the surveyed farmers lacked a proper understanding of the drought situation, including rainfall and temperature patterns in the region. "Land leveling" and "utilizing indigenous knowledge" emerged as the most critical strategies for drought adaptation. Furthermore, significant differences were observed between dryland and irrigated farmers in terms of their perceptions of drought recovery, drought frequency, rainfall status, temperature changes, and adaptation strategies. Secondary data indicated that changes in temperature, rainfall, and drought frequency have been on the rise over the past 12 years. This underscores the need to enhance farmers' understanding and to develop a comprehensive adaptation strategy to better cope with drought.
Furthermore, significant differences were observed between dryland and irrigated farmers in terms of their perceptions of drought recovery, drought frequency, rainfall status, temperature changes, and adaptation strategies. Secondary data indicated that changes in temperature, rainfall, and drought frequency have been on the rise over the past 12 years. This underscores the need to enhance farmers' understanding and to develop a comprehensive adaptation strategy to better cope with drought.