Environmental Economics
Fahimeh Mohebbinia; Morteza Tahamipour
Abstract
Introduction: The declining trend of non-renewable resources and the damage caused to the climate in this century has caused many concerns in terms of economic growth and progress. Strengthening economic growth is achieved in parallel with the increasing consumption of energy, and high energy consumption ...
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Introduction: The declining trend of non-renewable resources and the damage caused to the climate in this century has caused many concerns in terms of economic growth and progress. Strengthening economic growth is achieved in parallel with the increasing consumption of energy, and high energy consumption causes the release and increase in the concentration of all kinds of pollutants that are harmful to the environment, for this reason, the topics of economic growth and how to create a balance between growth and environmental quality are very important. One of the important tools to investigate this question is to pay attention to the environmental curve of Kuznets. This review is also important in the micro sector and the same macroeconomic results cannot be used for other sub-sectors. For this reason, in this study, this curve has been investigated and extracted for each of the economic sub-sectors.Materials and Methods: The present study aims to measure the effects of economic growth on the environment. The research variables include the country's GDP per capita as an indicator of economic growth and CO2 emission per capita as an indicator to show the level of environmental degradation. The data of the study has been collected at the level of three main sectors for the economy of Iran in the period of 2010-2016. This research will first create an econometric relationship (Co-Integration) between the mentioned variables in each of the three sections and then present the applied form of EKC.Results: The results of the study confirm the long-run Co-integration relationship between the research variables in the agricultural and industrial sectors, but the dependent form of the Kuznets curve is not confirmed in these sectors. The results show that there is no long-run Co-integration association in the service sector. Also, the error correction coefficients in each of the agricultural and industrial sectors state that 6 and 1 percent of each period's error is corrected in moving to the long-run Steady equilibrium, respectively.Discussion: Based on the findings of the research and relying on the logic of the Kuznets curve based on the positive correlation between economic growth variables (income) and pollutant emissions (energy consumption) at low income levels and negative correlation at high income levels, in each of the agricultural and industrial sectors, Economic growth is accompanied by the production of more pollutants and more destruction of the environment, and according to the results of the estimated elasticity’s, this trend in the agricultural sector has more acceleration than in the industrial sector. Therefore, surely, the plan of the Iranian governments should be in line with moving in the direction of development by observing the indicators of sustainable development and compatible with nature. In this regard, the results of the present study on the use and exploitation of clean technologies and new production technologies. It emphasizes recycling, renewable energy consumption, green transportation, green chemistry, gray water, etc.
Environmental Law
Farzad Karimi Khanjari; Mahdi Sajadi Kia
Abstract
The environment is one of the most important issues today, which is at the forefront of international affairs, given the catastrophes we are witnessing today. These catastrophes are caused by the damage done to the environment by individuals or governments; the damages that must be compensated by them, ...
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The environment is one of the most important issues today, which is at the forefront of international affairs, given the catastrophes we are witnessing today. These catastrophes are caused by the damage done to the environment by individuals or governments; the damages that must be compensated by them, that is, they have civil liability. Environmental civil liability is defined in both international and Iranian law, but there may be different definitions for determining the type of civil liability. Now the question is, in case of damage to the environment, what is the resulting civil liability in Iranian law and international documents? Therefore, in this article, we will study the nature of civil liability in Iranian law and international documents analytically-descriptively and with a library method, and we will examine how to compensate them and their strengths and weaknesses. Research shows that absolute liability in this situation is the best type of civil liability that can be applied to environmental damage, and that is why this type of liability has been adopted in international documents, but in Iranian law, civil liability is based. It is the fault that it also applies to environmental damage, which is not commensurate with the nature of the environment.