Environmental Economics
Hamid Sarkheil; Mahdieh Rezazadeh Belgori; Ravanbakhsh Shirdam; Yousef Azimi
Abstract
Introduction: In developing countries, Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) offers numerous benefits, including the identification of hidden costs, waste reduction, improved environmental outcomes, enhanced product quality and competitiveness, and increased process and resource productivity. The zinc ...
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Introduction: In developing countries, Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) offers numerous benefits, including the identification of hidden costs, waste reduction, improved environmental outcomes, enhanced product quality and competitiveness, and increased process and resource productivity. The zinc mining industry and related activities, such as concentrate production and zinc smelting, require process life cycle analysis due to the extensive pollution they generate, including contamination of surface and underground water from heavy elements in the leachate. Through the use of MFCA modeling, it is possible to accurately evaluate the inputs and outputs of current processes in this field and analyze them for environmental effects.Materials and Methods: This study involved visits to industrial smelting units, expert opinions, and integration with the Sima Pro software database to prepare a life cycle model and network of the product life cycle and its environmental effects. By analyzing the life cycle of Iran's zinc smelting industry, green product productivity was used to calculate the cost-material flow in the selected sample unit, track the material flow, and present a model for the life cycle of zinc. This involved utilizing information from Iran's zinc smelting industry, data from the Sima Pro software database, and the implementation of the MFCA model on information related to zinc smelting and concentrate products. In this model, zinc smelting and zinc concentrate production processes were treated as input and greenhouse gas emissions as output.* Corresponding Author’s email: Sarkheil@khu.ac.ir Results: Based on the material balance relationship, the combination of calcine with sulfuric acid produces leach cake, silver, lead, and air pollution. The research estimates that for the production of one ton of zinc ingot, the amount of air pollution generated is 7 kg. MFCA analysis of the leaching unit of the industrial research complex indicates that the cost of 5070 kilograms of input materials is 12,350,000 Tomans, the cost of the system is 30,000,000 Tomans, and the cost of energy is 1,950,000 Tomans. The study also found that 3549 kg of product is obtained for 9,100,000 Tomans, while 1536 kg of waste is produced at the cost of 3,250,000 Tomans. This highlights the input values, the primary product, and the secondary product.Discussion: Through the provision of comprehensive life cycle models for the zinc smelting process, especially the zinc smelting concentrate process, the inputs and outputs of the production chain were evaluated. By accurately determining the flow cost of these materials, the process of zinc smelting concentrate production can be optimized to minimize losses, reduce environmental pollution, lower direct costs, and increase economic output, thereby leading to the growth and development of the industrial complex.
kazem aminzadeh; Sadegh Bakhtiari; Saeed Daei-Karimzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Over a long period of time, there can be a direct correlation between economic growth and environmental quality, a negative correlation, or a combination of the two. Many studies and research have been conducted on this topic (the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality). ...
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Introduction: Over a long period of time, there can be a direct correlation between economic growth and environmental quality, a negative correlation, or a combination of the two. Many studies and research have been conducted on this topic (the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality). In the field of sustainability economics, one of the most significant debates involves the effects of economic growth on the environment. Currently, fossil fuels are being used more and more intensively due to the industrialization of our societies. The combustion of these fuels results in the emission of a wide range of toxic and hazardous substances. This has a detrimental effect on the environment, including global warming and climate change. As a result of this study, three different forms of real GDP per capita have been examined: an inverted U shape, an N shape, and a combination of each of these three shapes. In terms of the volume of pollutants emitted from the industrial sector, the power of two and the power of three were calculated for 12 industrial provinces of the country during the period of 1376-1399 using the long-term panel econometric method of dynamic least squares. The results of the estimations are such that the environmental assumptions of Kuznets are valid for all three pollutants. In addition, an increase in real GDP per capita is associated with an increase in pollution. After reaching the maximum, the amount of pollution decreased. Finally, with a further increase in production, the rate of pollution decreased. According to the DOLS technique, the upward trend of increasing pollution continues, and the N-shaped curve has been confirmed by specifying the second and third-degree relationships of economic growth in 12 industrial provinces during the specified period by using the DOLS technique.Materials and Methods: The first objective of this study is to investigate the mean of the variables using panel unit root tests. After that, with the Kao cointegration test, we determine whether or not there is a cointegration relationship between the variables. To conclude, the coefficients of variables have been estimated using the fully modified least squares method and dynamic least squares.Results: An inverted U and an N shape of GDP were examined in three different ways; at first glance, the power of two and the power of three affected pollution levels in the industry sector. Using long-term panel econometric methods of dynamic least squares, 12 industrial provinces between 1376 and 1399 will be examined for carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide. In all three cases, the estimation results are such that Kuznets' assumptions about the environment are valid.Discussion: As a result of the estimation of the models using the DOLS method in the investigation of Kuznets' environmental curve, and by specifying economic growth relationships at the second and third degree in 12 industrial provinces in the country during the selected period, the N-shaped curve has been confirmed. The inclusion of the urbanization variable in the model has led to an increasing correlation between pollution and urbanization. The consumption of fossil fuels has increased as a result of urbanization, resulting in a rise in air pollution. In the ascending part of the Kuznets environmental curve, Iran is clearly in the first stage of pollution. Furthermore, it is at the beginning of the relationship between production and pollution. Additionally, we will witness long-term pollution accumulation in the environment as pollution in Iran continues to grow at a positive rate.
hamid bazrpach; Farzad Karimi Khanjari
Abstract
International environmental law and international law of investment in goals are conflicting in that the investor's goal is individual interest and the environmental goal is collective interest, while in practice and implementation are closely related and in an implementation environment And play a key ...
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International environmental law and international law of investment in goals are conflicting in that the investor's goal is individual interest and the environmental goal is collective interest, while in practice and implementation are closely related and in an implementation environment And play a key role in today's human society. Therefore, economic investments by companies in different countries require legislation and sometimes restrictive laws. One of these methods is the application of environmental laws, which are often ignored in corporate and oil investments aimed at attracting foreign investment. Thus, this research uses a descriptive-analytical method to investigate the issue of environmental commitments in investments. Research shows that oil investors often overlook environmental commitments, and governments in developing countries show flexibility to attract more investors due to financial constraints and economic weakness, one of which is one of their areas of flexibility is environmental law. Given the current environmental crises, however, governments must minimize violations of environmental obligations by enacting and enforcing strict and restrictive laws and regulations.
Environmental Economics
Vida Varahrami; Fattaneh Kolivand
Abstract
In this paper, for survey human health effect on economic growth, an econometric model with panel data is used for oil countries in 1995-2017. Innovation of this paper is estimation of an endogenous economic growth model with survey effect of health of human on economic growth, with effect of environmental ...
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In this paper, for survey human health effect on economic growth, an econometric model with panel data is used for oil countries in 1995-2017. Innovation of this paper is estimation of an endogenous economic growth model with survey effect of health of human on economic growth, with effect of environmental pollution on human health. This paper, used from a health index and an environmental pollution index (CO2 and NOX). PANEL-SUR model is used. Results reveal that environmental pollution has negative effect on health index and human development index. Results reveal that in our countries there is a negative relation between pollution and economic growth because of positive relation between health index and human development index and positive relation between human development index and economic growth, more pollution decrease positive effect of human development index on economic growth.
Samaneh Bagheri
Abstract
Financial development is one of the goals of countries. This study investigates for the first time the impact of financial development on environmental pollution and energy consumption with the method of generalized torque, dynamic least squares and adjusted minimum squares in OPEC member countries in ...
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Financial development is one of the goals of countries. This study investigates for the first time the impact of financial development on environmental pollution and energy consumption with the method of generalized torque, dynamic least squares and adjusted minimum squares in OPEC member countries in the period 1992-1992. Iran has a comparative advantage in energy consumption, so research in this area is necessary. According to the results of financial development, it has had a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution in these countries in the form of three models, and indicates that financial development in these countries has not led to the creation of environmentally friendly technologies. Energy consumption, GDP and urban growth have a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution. The Kuznets curve in these countries is confirmed by an inverted U-shape. Financial development with dynamic least squares and adjusted ordinary squares has a positive and significant effect on energy consumption.