Environmental Law
Sajedeh Safikhani; Arashk Holisaz
Abstract
The investigation of the causes of the failure of the environmental policies of the state requires first cognition from the evolution of environmental statehood. Ioris (2014) by focusing on the politico-philosophical approaches shows that during the last century, three different environmental statehoods ...
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The investigation of the causes of the failure of the environmental policies of the state requires first cognition from the evolution of environmental statehood. Ioris (2014) by focusing on the politico-philosophical approaches shows that during the last century, three different environmental statehoods were put in place, encapsulating three characteristic interpretations and reactions to environmental problems, which were under the influence of the political theories of Hobbes, Kant and Hegel. The trend of environmental disruption and institutional reforms shows environmental statehood has the evolution of trend in Iran too. Therefore, the central question here is the evolution trend of environmental statehood of Western countries compatible with Iran's conditions? The answer to this question requires investigation of state reactions to environmental problems. In this regard, the environmental statehood model of Iran was investigated with the use of the methods of qualitative content analysis. It also focuses on the political theory of Ioris (2014). The investigation of the coercive and non-coercive policy in the environmental regulation and legislation show Legislative institutions focus on the coercive policy for environmental protection. Despite the fact that the dominance of coercion policy from in the Iran's Forests act (1942) to Soil Conservation act (2019) shows that the political ideas of Hobbes are dominant in Iran's environmental law. But, legal reforms to solve environmental and water resource problems are associated with the upholding of a specific model of environmental statehood in Iran. In fact, the most obvious features of the conventional model of environmental statehood (environmental impact assessment) and the transition period from conventional to flexible environmental statehood (sustainable development) were introduced to Iran's environmental statehood in the Sazandegi government. In addition, the results show that the state in Iran introduced more flexible approaches into the regulations of water resources without creating a prepared the ground for the transition to a more flexible environmental statehood. Such as increasing the participation of the private sector in the three levels of governance of water resources and development of legal capacity for the acceptance of market-based approaches such as the water bank into the draft of the water law. Also, introducing policy tools of the payment for ecosystem services (PES) and ecosystem services to solve the problems of water resources in watersheds. Therefore, frameworks of the flexible model of environmental statehood exist also in Iran. But, the evolution trend of environmental statehood of Iran is not according to Western countries. The environmental statehood in Iran involves the application of specific forms of market-based interaction of Hegelian state model and command-and-control approaches of conventional model of environmental statehood to the control of water resources. It should be noted that focusing on the frameworks of the features of the conventional model of environmental statehood and flexible environmental statehood cannot solve Iran's environmental problems. Therefore, it is necessary that framework of local environmental statehood be designed for Iran, which focuses on the participation of local groups. By focusing on frameworks of this model can be achieved 1) reducing social inequalities on the scale of watersheds and 2) creating a balance between people's interests in the scale of small watersheds and macro policies in the scale of large watersheds.
Samaneh Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction: According to international reports, the emission of carbon dioxide in Iran is increasing and it is moving to the top ranks of the first ten countries in the emission of carbon dioxide, research in this field is necessary. The purpose of this research is to analyze the carbon dioxide emission ...
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Introduction: According to international reports, the emission of carbon dioxide in Iran is increasing and it is moving to the top ranks of the first ten countries in the emission of carbon dioxide, research in this field is necessary. The purpose of this research is to analyze the carbon dioxide emission function and the effective variables in this function using the Markov switching method with two regimes for the period from 1975 to 2018. In the conducted researches, the carbon dioxide emission function for Iran has not been investigated. For the first time, this research examines the carbon dioxide emission function in Iran. The purpose of this research is to investigate the carbon dioxide emission function in Iran using the Markov switching method.Material and methods: Markov switching method was used in this research. In Markov switching models, the time series process is a function of an unobservable random variable called the regime. If the time series changes over time with regime change, the assumption of constant parameters in VAR models is not justified. MS-VAR models can be used as a suitable replacement. The model examined in this research is as follows:LCO2t = β + LCO2t-1 + LENERGYt + LGDPt + (LGDP)t2+UtIn the above model, LENERGY logarithm of energy consumption per capita, LGDP is the logarithm of gross domestic product at constant prices in 2005. U term error and (LGDP)2, The square of the logarithm of GDP in 2005 price LCO2t-1 is the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions in kilograms with one break and LCOt is the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions (kg per GDP in 2010 dollars). The data of this research was collected from the World Bank website and Oxmetrics7 software was used to estimate the model. The model was considered with two regimes, a regime with high fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission and a regime with low fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission.Results: In this research, two regimes, including the regime of high fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission and the regime of low fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission, were investigated. According to the results, the hypothesis of Iran's Kuznets curve in the shape of an inverted U was confirmed. According to the results, Iran is at the beginning of the downward part of the Kuznets curve. In the function of carbon dioxide gas emission, the logarithm of carbon dioxide gas emission with one break, the variable logarithm of energy consumption, the logarithm of real gross domestic product, the squared logarithm of real gross domestic product, respectively 0.53%, 0.55%, 0.46% and -0.070 % has a significant effect on the emission of carbon dioxide gas.Discussion In this model, the width of the regression origin is dependent on the regime. The intermittent variable of the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions has had a positive and significant effect on the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions, which shows that with the increase in the carbon dioxide emissions of the previous period, the carbon dioxide emissions of the next period will increase. The carbon dioxide gas released in a period is not completely absorbed until the end of the period, and some of it remains in the environment as storage. All variables of the model are significant with zero probability in the function. Based on the findings of the research, variables of energy consumption, real gross domestic product, real gross domestic product squared and carbon dioxide gas emission variable have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide gas emission.
Environmental Economics
Abolghasem Golkhandan; Somayeh Sahraei
Abstract
Expand the usage of Internet and consequently reducing the digital divide between developing and developed countries, shows the study of effect this variable on the energy consumption and air pollution in developing countries is important. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to examine ...
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Expand the usage of Internet and consequently reducing the digital divide between developing and developed countries, shows the study of effect this variable on the energy consumption and air pollution in developing countries is important. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the Internet's influence on energy consumption and CO2 emission in Iran Using time series data 1995-2016. The results using co-integration five-step Johansson (1992) method showed a positive impact of Internet on the per capita energy consumption in the long term. A one percent increase in the number of Internet users (per 100 people), in the long run, increase the per capita energy consumption in Iran by 0.19 percent. Accordingly, the move to the policies and programs that take advantage of the Internet to reduce energy consumption in the country is essential. Also, the long-term impact of the Internet on air pollution is positive, but it is negligible. So that a one percent increase in the number of Internet users (per 100 people), in the long run, increase the level of CO2 emissions in the country by about 0.06 percent. Accordingly, it can be said that the increase in Internet usage is not a serious threat to air pollution in Iran.
Environmental Economics
Mohammad Ebrahiminejad
Abstract
The green marketing movement has been in the spotlight of companies and customers since the 1980s. These companies are looking for social legitimacy, by producing and offering environmentally friendly products while customers are looking to influence the community's view of environmental issues. The ...
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The green marketing movement has been in the spotlight of companies and customers since the 1980s. These companies are looking for social legitimacy, by producing and offering environmentally friendly products while customers are looking to influence the community's view of environmental issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of exporters towards green marketing and its effect on Iranian caviar exports. To succeed in the field of international competition and transform the country's economy into a strong and stable economy, all available capacities must be used. Caviar exporting companies can achieve high performance internationally through their green export marketing planning. To achieve this, companies must be able to identify the specific interests and needs of each market to export their product to foreign markets based on these needs. On the other hand, these companies can increase their gross profit by creating added value by direct export and shortening the length of the value chain. Pricing can also be done through competitive systems in any market, and in a way that can be highly desirable for buyers along with product features. Companies can improve the effectiveness of their marketing processes by conducting foreign marketing advertisements with emphasis on cultural, social, food, and pharmaceutical characteristics.
Environmental Education
Mohammad Babaei; Assadollah Mehrara; Mehrdad Matani; Mohammad Reza Bagherzadeh
Abstract
The concept of clean environment is one of the most important and significant macro principles in the policy of the whole country. This is especially important among countries with large oil and gas capital (which is one of the major polluters of the environment). Because today, the human and economic ...
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The concept of clean environment is one of the most important and significant macro principles in the policy of the whole country. This is especially important among countries with large oil and gas capital (which is one of the major polluters of the environment). Because today, the human and economic costs of achieving a sustainable environment are estimated at billions of dollars. Due to its oil and gas industry, Iran is one of the countries that pays special attention to the environment and pollutants from its activities and has always sought to design and apply various models and models to reduce oil and gas pollutants. In this article, the authors have devoted their efforts to designing an environmental model of sustainable development in the Iranian gas industry. The combined research method is based on mixed exploratory research (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the present article is based on 1080 people and using the snowball method to achieve theoretical saturation with 25 experts, in-depth interviews were conducted and in a quantitative part, to measure the model, a researcher-made questionnaire by cluster sampling method Relative was distributed among 285 samples. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face and content method and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS and AMOS software. The results of the qualitative section indicate that the environmental model of sustainable development has 15 dimensions in terms of causal conditions (1. service mission, 2. safety and health requirements, 3. social responsibility), underlying conditions (4. education and learning, 5 Culture building, 6. Attitudes and knowledge of managers), intervention conditions (7. Contractors, 8. Technical facilities and equipment, 9. Technology and technical operations), strategy (10. Medium and long-term policies of the Ministry of Energy, 11. Supervision and Continuous evaluation of project progress is 12. Customer Consumption Management Programs, 13. Residual Pollution Management Programs) and Outcome (14. Improving the Environmental Performance of the Gas Company and 15. Moving Towards Sustainable Development). The results of the quantitative section showed that all dimensions of the research paradigm model were confirmed.
Environmental Economics
Jalil BadamFirooz; Roya Mousazadeh
Abstract
Wetland valuation is an important tool available to environmental managers and decision makers to justify the overal costs of wetland conservation and management activities. Currently, policymakers and planners do not have the right toolbox with easy access to assess the economic value of wetland ecosystems. ...
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Wetland valuation is an important tool available to environmental managers and decision makers to justify the overal costs of wetland conservation and management activities. Currently, policymakers and planners do not have the right toolbox with easy access to assess the economic value of wetland ecosystems. It is obvious that quoting quantitative and monertary values in expressing the value of each resource will be an efficient and effective tool to justify the goals of sustainable development and environmental protection, and this is possible by having a clear guidance model. Economic valuation of ecosystem services is a useful tool to support ecosystem management decisions and help decision makers to protect the ecosystem more effectively. Estimating the economic value and costs of environmental damage to wetland ecosystems can be effective in preserving values and preventing their degradation. The aim of this study is to integrate the economic valuation and costs of environmental damage to the Iranian wetlands ecosystem services as part of the process of determining the economic value of natural resources. Existence of basic and practical model and guidance for wetland valuation can help interested users in identifying values, choosing valuation techniques appropriate to each value, and in general, guiding in the correct way of valuing goods and services and also in applying management and executive policies in line with the goals of sustainable development. The main purpose of this study is to show, using a conceptual framework, how to estimate the environmental values and costs of wetland ecosystem services. In this study, by reviewing selected articles and instructions related to the research topic, step-by-step steps for estimating the economic values and costs of environmental damage to the Iranian wetlands ecosystem services are presented.