Environmental Economics
Mahdieh Rezagholizadeh; Yousef Eisazadeh roshan; Parisa Shahbedini
Abstract
Introduction: Financial development is a process through which the quantity, quality, and efficiency of financial intermediation services are improved. The more the financial system develops, the more financial resources are provided for the development of renewable energy technologies, and as a result, ...
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Introduction: Financial development is a process through which the quantity, quality, and efficiency of financial intermediation services are improved. The more the financial system develops, the more financial resources are provided for the development of renewable energy technologies, and as a result, it can have positive environmental impacts by changing the energy supply mix and reducing pollutant emissions. Financial development can affect the level of CO2 emissions and environmental quality through its impact on economic growth, capital attraction, industrial activities, energy efficiency, technological innovation, investment costs in projects, increased use of renewable energy sources, financial provision, and allocation of credit for renewable energy projects.The importance of utilizing renewable energy sources and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on one hand, and the need for financial resources and large-scale investments for renewable energy projects on the other, highlights the role and significance of financial development in the level of environmental pollution through CO2 emissions. Therefore, considering the role and importance of financial development in the value of CO2 emissions as a criterion for environmental pollution and the significance of examining this relationship at the provincial level, this study investigates the relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions in the provinces of Iran and at the end, will test the environmental Kuznets hypothesis.Materials and Methods: This study uses the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method to investigate the relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions in the provinces of Iran during the period of 2009-2021 and answers the question of whether financial development in the provinces of Iran is environmentally friendly (Green) or not. In order to investigate the difference in the relationship between financial development and carbon dioxide emissions at the level of the country's provinces, all provinces are divided into two categories of developed and less developed provinces based on the report of the Economic Statistics Research Group of Iran Statistics Center (2022).In this study, in order to investigate the impact of financial development and other independent variables on carbon dioxide emissions, a Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method is used to analyze the coefficients. For this purpose, the following model is considered:CO2it=αi+β1FDit+β2GDPit+β3EIit+β4URBit+ɛit (1)Where:CO2it: Carbon dioxide emissions in each provinceFDit: Composite index of financial developmentGDPit: Real per capita gross domestic product of the provincesEIit: Energy intensityURBit: Urbanization rateAlso, in the following, in order to test the Kuznets hypothesis in the studied provinces, model (1) is specified as model (2):CO2it=αi+β1FDit+β2FD2it+β3GDPit+β4EIit+β5URBit (2)Where:FD2it: The square of financial development. Results: The results of the estimation of models indicate that in both groups of provinces in the country, financial development is positively significantly associated with carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, energy intensity, gross domestic product, and urbanization rate are also found to be positively and significantly related to carbon dioxide emissions. The results suggest that financial development may initially lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, but with further development, this effect is reversed, resulting in a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. This finding confirms the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory in the studied provinces during the period under investigation.Discussion: The estimation results indicate that financial development in the provinces of Iran will lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, further investigations confirm the validity of the Kuznets relationship in the provinces of Iran, meaning that in the initial stages of development, the impact of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions will be positive, but over time this relationship becomes negative, leading to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.
Environmental Economics
Samaneh Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction: Fossil fuel consumption has warmed the earth by releasing greenhouse gases. Abnormal climate changes, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and other climate phenomena have attracted global attention. Greenhouse gas emissions are considered as the main cause of climate change and global warming. ...
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Introduction: Fossil fuel consumption has warmed the earth by releasing greenhouse gases. Abnormal climate changes, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and other climate phenomena have attracted global attention. Greenhouse gas emissions are considered as the main cause of climate change and global warming. The largest percentage of greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide gas. The spread of pollution is one of the most important problems of countries It is one of the problems of the present century. Iran is among the ten countries with the highest carbon dioxide emissions in the world, and measures have been taken to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in this country, which have not led to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in this country.Materials and Methods: The purpose of this research is to investigate energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth using the directional non-cyclical graph approach for the period of 1990-2018 for the country of Iran. The data was obtained annually from the World Bank. Pearson's correlation test and Granger's causality test were investigated for variables of economic growth, capital, open trade, carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption. For the first time, this research examines the causal relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth with the approach of a directed non-cyclic diagram.Results: According to the results of this research, there is a significant correlation in the variables of carbon dioxide emission, open trade, energy consumption, capital formation and GDP. The highest correlation coefficient belongs to GDP and carbon dioxide emissions and the lowest correlation coefficient is related to gross domestic production and open trade. According to the results of the Granger causality test, causality from GDP to carbon dioxide emissions, causality from carbon dioxide emissions to energy consumption, causality from GDP to energy consumption, Causality from capital to energy consumption, causality from capital to GDP, The cause of carbon dioxide emissions to open trade. Causality from energy consumption to open trade, causality from capital to open trade and so on There is causality from GDP to open trade. Iran has a relative advantage in energy consumption due to its huge resources of oil and gas, which has caused the emission of pollutants by the gross domestic product.Discussion: According to the results in Iran, there is causality from gross domestic product to energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, which shows that Iran does not need to reduce its economic growth in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It indicates that energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in Iran will not lead to economic growth. Iran can follow a conservative energy policy and a policy to reduce carbon emissions in the long term without creating obstacles and reducing economic growth. Economic growth has led to the emission of pollution and it is possible to pursue economic growth without the emission of pollution by using sustainable development policies. The causality is from economic growth to energy consumption, trade and capital. According to the directed acyclic diagram (DAG), the Granger causality test was investigated in the variables of economic growth, open trade, capital, carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption. According to the results of this research, Granger causality has started from economic growth to other variables.
Environmental Economics
Ardavan Zarandian; Fatemeh Mohammadyari; Roya Mousazadeh; Majid Ramezani Mehrian; Jalil Badamfirooz
Abstract
Introduction: Soil resources play an important role in providing the necessary material goods for humans and other organisms and also deliver multiple ecosystem services that are essential for life on earth. They have also served for a long time as an important green infrastructure in protecting agricultural ...
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Introduction: Soil resources play an important role in providing the necessary material goods for humans and other organisms and also deliver multiple ecosystem services that are essential for life on earth. They have also served for a long time as an important green infrastructure in protecting agricultural and forest landscapes by providing plants a foothold for their roots and holding the necessary nutrients for their growth. In addition, soils can provide various ecosystem services such as contaminant immobilization, rainwater control, carbon sequestration, and habitat provision that are directly beneficial for humans. Services provided by ecosystems for humans are called ecosystem services. Soil retention, which refers to the potential of ecosystems for controlling soil erosion and conserving soil, is classified in the class of regulating services. Materials and Methods: The InVEST Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) model was used in InVEST Software to quantify soil retention and erosion. The required inputs for implementing this model include land use maps, K-factor (soil erodibility), R-factor (rain erosivity), C-factor (land use and land cover or LU/LC), P-factor (support practices), DEM (digital elevation model), and the biophysical table. Results: Based on the results, the potential of soil loss and sediment transport in the study area ranged from zero to 248.18 t/pixel and from zero to 57.25 tons per pixel, respectively. Soil retention is also estimated in a range from zero to 124.85 tons per pixel in the studied area. The largest amount of soil loss happened in sub-basin number 14 with 13716400 t/year and the smallest in sub-basin number 4 with 416594 t/year. Most of the ecosystem service of soil retention belonged to sub-basin number 13 with 4304414 t/ha/ year and the least to sub-basin number 4 with 5645 tons/ha/year. Discussion: The dense forests in the northernmost part of Semnan Province provide the most part of the ecosystem service of soil retention with more than 36 t/ha and the desert areas, the salt lake, and the salt marsh the least. Based on this, the province's forests, including dense, semi-dense, sparse and thin forests, contribute to the maintenance of soil in the province by a total of 4269166 tons per year. Also, good pastures maintain more than 18 tons per hectare of the province's soil every year, and the total function of soil maintenance by all types of pastures in the province, including good, medium and poor pastures, is 9395160 tons per year. Since the area covered by the pastures is 18 times more than that by the forests, we can say that most of the ecosystem service of soil retention is provided by the pastures due to the geographical distribution of this service in the province, despite the fact that forests are more capable in soil conservation than pastures. The orchards and rainfed agricultural land rank third and fourth, respectively, in soil retention with 7.86 and 2.15 tons of soil/ha, respectively. However, man-made land uses such as urban areas decrease this ecosystem service because they are usually accompanied by removing or reducing the vegetation. The urban areas are located in the northern part of the study area, and they have negative impacts on this ecosystem service. Therefore, protection of the forest and rangeland covers in the province is vitally important for the continued conservation of the ecosystem service of soil retention.
Environmental Economics
Fahimeh Mohebbinia; Morteza Tahamipour
Abstract
Introduction: The declining trend of non-renewable resources and the damage caused to the climate in this century has caused many concerns in terms of economic growth and progress. Strengthening economic growth is achieved in parallel with the increasing consumption of energy, and high energy consumption ...
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Introduction: The declining trend of non-renewable resources and the damage caused to the climate in this century has caused many concerns in terms of economic growth and progress. Strengthening economic growth is achieved in parallel with the increasing consumption of energy, and high energy consumption causes the release and increase in the concentration of all kinds of pollutants that are harmful to the environment, for this reason, the topics of economic growth and how to create a balance between growth and environmental quality are very important. One of the important tools to investigate this question is to pay attention to the environmental curve of Kuznets. This review is also important in the micro sector and the same macroeconomic results cannot be used for other sub-sectors. For this reason, in this study, this curve has been investigated and extracted for each of the economic sub-sectors.Materials and Methods: The present study aims to measure the effects of economic growth on the environment. The research variables include the country's GDP per capita as an indicator of economic growth and CO2 emission per capita as an indicator to show the level of environmental degradation. The data of the study has been collected at the level of three main sectors for the economy of Iran in the period of 2010-2016. This research will first create an econometric relationship (Co-Integration) between the mentioned variables in each of the three sections and then present the applied form of EKC.Results: The results of the study confirm the long-run Co-integration relationship between the research variables in the agricultural and industrial sectors, but the dependent form of the Kuznets curve is not confirmed in these sectors. The results show that there is no long-run Co-integration association in the service sector. Also, the error correction coefficients in each of the agricultural and industrial sectors state that 6 and 1 percent of each period's error is corrected in moving to the long-run Steady equilibrium, respectively.Discussion: Based on the findings of the research and relying on the logic of the Kuznets curve based on the positive correlation between economic growth variables (income) and pollutant emissions (energy consumption) at low income levels and negative correlation at high income levels, in each of the agricultural and industrial sectors, Economic growth is accompanied by the production of more pollutants and more destruction of the environment, and according to the results of the estimated elasticity’s, this trend in the agricultural sector has more acceleration than in the industrial sector. Therefore, surely, the plan of the Iranian governments should be in line with moving in the direction of development by observing the indicators of sustainable development and compatible with nature. In this regard, the results of the present study on the use and exploitation of clean technologies and new production technologies. It emphasizes recycling, renewable energy consumption, green transportation, green chemistry, gray water, etc.
Environmental Economics
younes nademi; maasoumeh Dalvandi
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, environmental problems have attracted the attention of many policymakers. In many developing countries, foreign direct investment and environmental risk play a vital role for economic growth and development. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the relationship between ...
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Introduction: In recent years, environmental problems have attracted the attention of many policymakers. In many developing countries, foreign direct investment and environmental risk play a vital role for economic growth and development. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the relationship between foreign direct investment and environmental risk. In this regard, the present study examines the role of financial development in the relationship between foreign direct investment and environmental risk.Materials and Methods: In the present study, the stationary of the variables was first evaluated by using the ADF test and then by applying Kao cointegration, the long-run relationship between the variables of the model has been examined. Finally, the effect of financial development, foreign direct investment, GDP per capita and urbanization on environmental risk for 35 countries during the period of 1990-2021 was investigated using generalized panel moments. For the analysis and estimation of the model, Eviews_12 software has been used.Results: According to the ADF unit root test, some variables are stationary at the level and some are stationary at the first order difference, to avoid false regression in estimations, co-accumulation between variables was investigated. The results of the Kao cointegration test confirmed the long-term relationship between the variables. Also, the results of generalized method of moments model show that foreign direct investment has a negative and significant effect on environmental risk. Most foreign direct investment comes from developed countries with strict environmental regulations; hence, they can transfer superior environmental technologies to the host country. Finally, foreign direct investment paves the way for promoting environmental sustainability in the host country. Also, the development of the financial sector reduces the environmental risk in both models because financial development helps to provide more information about the importance of the environment, especially in developing countries, due to the provision of financial resources and the possibility of accessing more efficient technologies and in model 2, there is a non-linear U-shaped relationship between financial sector development and environmental risk. The FD × FDI interaction term also has no significant effect on environmental risk. The results also show that economic growth and urbanization reduce environmental risk.Discussion: This study states that the development of the financial sector in developing countries can increase the quality of the environment. However, the results may be different in a developed financial sector. Most foreign direct investment comes from developed countries with strict environmental regulations; hence, they can transfer superior environmental technologies to the host country. Finally, foreign direct investment paves the way for promoting environmental sustainability in the host country. On the other hand, with the increase in real income, people have more ability to allocate resources to protect the environment and reduce environmental risk. Also, economic growth resulting from improved technology can provide higher returns with lower environmental risk. Urbanization is also beneficial for the environment due to higher living standards, increased public health, positive external effects and economy of scale.
Environmental Economics
Samaneh Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction: The industrial revolution not only started a new era of rapid economic growth in countries, but also brought modern phenomena such as global warming and climate change. One of the main aspects of the industrial revolution is the transformation of the world economy into fossil fuel-based ...
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Introduction: The industrial revolution not only started a new era of rapid economic growth in countries, but also brought modern phenomena such as global warming and climate change. One of the main aspects of the industrial revolution is the transformation of the world economy into fossil fuel-based economies. The use of fossil fuels continuously disrupts the level of carbon in the atmosphere and thus keeps the heat in the atmosphere. Due to the fact that OPEC member countries are oil sellers and have a relative advantage in fossil energy consumption, and energy consumption leads to the emission of carbon dioxide, so research in this field is necessary.Materials and Method: In this research, carbon dioxide emission spillover in OPEC member countries was investigated using Dieblod - Yilmaz method. Then, using complex network theory, the spillover network in OPEC member countries was investigated.Results: Carbon dioxide emission spillover from Angola to Iran 6.1%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Algeria 0.8%, Ecuador 1.9%, Iraq 1%, Kuwait 12%, Libya 5%, Nigeria 1.4%, Qatar is 1%, Saudi Arabia is 3.3% and Venezuela is 8.8%. Kuwait has the most spillover of carbon dioxide emission to Iran. The most spillover of carbon dioxide emissions from Iran is to Iraq and Angola. The value of Contribution to others, which means the spillover of carbon dioxide emissions, is the highest for the United Arab Emirates, which means that this country has the highest amount of carbon dioxide emissions among the OPEC member countries. A negative NET value indicates that the net spillover received is higher than the spillover transferred. A positive NET value indicates that the transmitted spillover is greater than the effect of the received spillover. The value of TCI (total connectedness index) in this research is 61.76%, which is a large number and shows that the spillover effect is strong in these countries. Finally, this spillover was investigated using complex network theory.Discussion: According to the results of this study, the countries of Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Libya and Venezuela are the senders of carbon dioxide emissions and the countries of Kuwait, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Algeria are the receivers of carbon dioxide emissions. The country of Kuwait has the most spillover of carbon dioxide emission to Iran. The most spillover of carbon dioxide emissions from Iran is to Iraq and Angola. The TCI index is 61.76%, which shows that the spillover effect is strong in these countries. Qatar is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide emissions in the network of carbon dioxide emissions spillover in OPEC member countries. The country of Libya has the highest value of weighted indegree, and the sender of the spillover effect of carbon dioxide emissions, the country of Qatar has the highest value of weighted degree A complex network shows spillover relationships between edges. Qatar, Nigeria and Algeria countries are in one cluster and Ecuador and Venezuela countries are in one cluster and Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates countries are in one cluster due to the spillover effect of carbon dioxide emissions. Degree, outdegree and indegree values are the same for all countries.
Environmental Economics
Mehdi Fathabadi
Abstract
Introduction: Along with the manufacturing industries development, the sustainable development of this sector should be based on the continuous productivity growth of firms from the point of view of technological progress and efficiency improvement. In the manufacturing sector, product production can ...
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Introduction: Along with the manufacturing industries development, the sustainable development of this sector should be based on the continuous productivity growth of firms from the point of view of technological progress and efficiency improvement. In the manufacturing sector, product production can be accompanied by undesirable or unfavorable products, such as polluting gases, sewage, solid and liquid wastes, which ignoring them may lead to unbiased productivity and technical changes. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the changes of productivity and environmental efficiency of manufacturing industries in Iran's provinces.Materials and Method: To achieve the goal of the article, a two-step approach is used. In the first stage, the global Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index was measured the consideration of sewage and waste undesirable outputs and was divided into two components, technical efficiency changes and technological progress. In the second stage, the effect of environmental productivity growth drivers was estimated using Tobit, Logit and Probit models. The data of this article were extracted from the reports of the survey plan from industrial firms with 10 or more workers in the period of 2015-2019.Results: The findings of the first stage state that technological progress is the main contributor to environmental productivity growth in Iran’s manufacturing industries. The average change of environmental productivity has been Also decreased, which shows that the Iran’s provinces manufacturing firms are behind the existing global technology frontier. In our period, the criterion of eco-friendliness showed that 10 provinces were green and 16 were yellow, and the big provinces are also among yellow provinces. The results of the second stage indicate that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita income and environmental productivity growth. Also, the increase in the ratio of capital to employment has led to an increase in the environmental productivity growth; But the increase of energy intensity of manufacturing industries will reduce the environmental productivity.Discussion: In order to improve environmental productivity, industrial firms can help improve productivity, profit, competitiveness and enhance the quality of human life through evaluating the performance of economic firms, pricing processes of waste and waste of economic resources in the production process, as well as efforts to reduce pollution and harmful effects of the environment. Therefore, by reducing the production inputs consumption for a certain level of production or providing services, the reduction of production costs, the quality and products competitiveness at the national and global level will be improved, and the result will be the improvement of green economic growth. According to the results of the article, some policy recommendations can be suggested. First, the application and development of cleaner technologies and technologies that save energy consumption are the main drivers for the environmental productivity growth and sustainable development of Iran's provinces in the future. Second, considering the relationship between per capita income and the environmental productivity growth and since almost all large provinces such as Tehran and Isfahan are struggling with environmental problems, it is necessary to develop policies to increase industrial concentration in other provinces. In provinces with excessive economic activities such as Tehran, Isfahan and Khuzestan, it is necessary to control the industries density and population in these provinces in order to prevent the spread of pollution and other diseases of big cities that threaten sustainable development.
Environmental Economics
Hamid Sarkheil; Mahdieh Rezazadeh Belgori; Ravanbakhsh Shirdam; Yousef Azimi
Abstract
Introduction: In developing countries, Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) offers numerous benefits, including the identification of hidden costs, waste reduction, improved environmental outcomes, enhanced product quality and competitiveness, and increased process and resource productivity. The zinc ...
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Introduction: In developing countries, Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) offers numerous benefits, including the identification of hidden costs, waste reduction, improved environmental outcomes, enhanced product quality and competitiveness, and increased process and resource productivity. The zinc mining industry and related activities, such as concentrate production and zinc smelting, require process life cycle analysis due to the extensive pollution they generate, including contamination of surface and underground water from heavy elements in the leachate. Through the use of MFCA modeling, it is possible to accurately evaluate the inputs and outputs of current processes in this field and analyze them for environmental effects.Materials and Methods: This study involved visits to industrial smelting units, expert opinions, and integration with the Sima Pro software database to prepare a life cycle model and network of the product life cycle and its environmental effects. By analyzing the life cycle of Iran's zinc smelting industry, green product productivity was used to calculate the cost-material flow in the selected sample unit, track the material flow, and present a model for the life cycle of zinc. This involved utilizing information from Iran's zinc smelting industry, data from the Sima Pro software database, and the implementation of the MFCA model on information related to zinc smelting and concentrate products. In this model, zinc smelting and zinc concentrate production processes were treated as input and greenhouse gas emissions as output.* Corresponding Author’s email: Sarkheil@khu.ac.ir Results: Based on the material balance relationship, the combination of calcine with sulfuric acid produces leach cake, silver, lead, and air pollution. The research estimates that for the production of one ton of zinc ingot, the amount of air pollution generated is 7 kg. MFCA analysis of the leaching unit of the industrial research complex indicates that the cost of 5070 kilograms of input materials is 12,350,000 Tomans, the cost of the system is 30,000,000 Tomans, and the cost of energy is 1,950,000 Tomans. The study also found that 3549 kg of product is obtained for 9,100,000 Tomans, while 1536 kg of waste is produced at the cost of 3,250,000 Tomans. This highlights the input values, the primary product, and the secondary product.Discussion: Through the provision of comprehensive life cycle models for the zinc smelting process, especially the zinc smelting concentrate process, the inputs and outputs of the production chain were evaluated. By accurately determining the flow cost of these materials, the process of zinc smelting concentrate production can be optimized to minimize losses, reduce environmental pollution, lower direct costs, and increase economic output, thereby leading to the growth and development of the industrial complex.
Environmental Economics
Jalil Badamfirooz; Hamid Sarkheil; Roya Mousazadeh
Abstract
Mineral extraction plays an essential role in economic and social development. On the other hand, mining and its dependent processes can have harmful consequences on natural ecosystems, including air pollution, water, soil, and the impact on biodiversity and land use. Therefore, by quantifying these ...
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Mineral extraction plays an essential role in economic and social development. On the other hand, mining and its dependent processes can have harmful consequences on natural ecosystems, including air pollution, water, soil, and the impact on biodiversity and land use. Therefore, by quantifying these consequences and estimating the costs of damages to ecosystem services, it is possible to reduce the destruction of ecosystems in the country by applying measures based on prevention and control of effects. Jajarm bauxite mining area, as the largest and most crucial bauxite mine in the country, is located in North Khorasan province. Bauxite mining has negative environmental consequences on neighboring ecosystems during the exploitation and extraction of valuable aluminum material. Since the maximum impact area of this mine is cultivated areas downstream and around the extraction area of this area is 6000 hectares, in this study, the cost of environmental damages to the mine has been estimated using the benefit-transfer approach on this biome. The cost of damages to ecosystem services due to bauxite mining in the cultivated Areas (for 1000 hectares of affected cultivated areas) is estimated at 2481375 million IRR (equivalent to USD 9925500) in the year (2021). This highlights the importance of mine reclamation as well as ecological rehabilitation after mining activities in the area.Using economic tools to prevent and control the effects of mining activities is essential.
Environmental Economics
Vida Varahrami; Fattaneh Kolivand
Abstract
In this paper, for survey human health effect on economic growth, an econometric model with panel data is used for oil countries in 1995-2017. Innovation of this paper is estimation of an endogenous economic growth model with survey effect of health of human on economic growth, with effect of environmental ...
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In this paper, for survey human health effect on economic growth, an econometric model with panel data is used for oil countries in 1995-2017. Innovation of this paper is estimation of an endogenous economic growth model with survey effect of health of human on economic growth, with effect of environmental pollution on human health. This paper, used from a health index and an environmental pollution index (CO2 and NOX). PANEL-SUR model is used. Results reveal that environmental pollution has negative effect on health index and human development index. Results reveal that in our countries there is a negative relation between pollution and economic growth because of positive relation between health index and human development index and positive relation between human development index and economic growth, more pollution decrease positive effect of human development index on economic growth.
Environmental Economics
Abolghasem Golkhandan; Somayeh Sahraei
Abstract
Expand the usage of Internet and consequently reducing the digital divide between developing and developed countries, shows the study of effect this variable on the energy consumption and air pollution in developing countries is important. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to examine ...
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Expand the usage of Internet and consequently reducing the digital divide between developing and developed countries, shows the study of effect this variable on the energy consumption and air pollution in developing countries is important. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the Internet's influence on energy consumption and CO2 emission in Iran Using time series data 1995-2016. The results using co-integration five-step Johansson (1992) method showed a positive impact of Internet on the per capita energy consumption in the long term. A one percent increase in the number of Internet users (per 100 people), in the long run, increase the per capita energy consumption in Iran by 0.19 percent. Accordingly, the move to the policies and programs that take advantage of the Internet to reduce energy consumption in the country is essential. Also, the long-term impact of the Internet on air pollution is positive, but it is negligible. So that a one percent increase in the number of Internet users (per 100 people), in the long run, increase the level of CO2 emissions in the country by about 0.06 percent. Accordingly, it can be said that the increase in Internet usage is not a serious threat to air pollution in Iran.
Environmental Economics
Mohammad Ebrahiminejad
Abstract
The green marketing movement has been in the spotlight of companies and customers since the 1980s. These companies are looking for social legitimacy, by producing and offering environmentally friendly products while customers are looking to influence the community's view of environmental issues. The ...
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The green marketing movement has been in the spotlight of companies and customers since the 1980s. These companies are looking for social legitimacy, by producing and offering environmentally friendly products while customers are looking to influence the community's view of environmental issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of exporters towards green marketing and its effect on Iranian caviar exports. To succeed in the field of international competition and transform the country's economy into a strong and stable economy, all available capacities must be used. Caviar exporting companies can achieve high performance internationally through their green export marketing planning. To achieve this, companies must be able to identify the specific interests and needs of each market to export their product to foreign markets based on these needs. On the other hand, these companies can increase their gross profit by creating added value by direct export and shortening the length of the value chain. Pricing can also be done through competitive systems in any market, and in a way that can be highly desirable for buyers along with product features. Companies can improve the effectiveness of their marketing processes by conducting foreign marketing advertisements with emphasis on cultural, social, food, and pharmaceutical characteristics.
Environmental Economics
Jalil BadamFirooz; Roya Mousazadeh
Abstract
Wetland valuation is an important tool available to environmental managers and decision makers to justify the overal costs of wetland conservation and management activities. Currently, policymakers and planners do not have the right toolbox with easy access to assess the economic value of wetland ecosystems. ...
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Wetland valuation is an important tool available to environmental managers and decision makers to justify the overal costs of wetland conservation and management activities. Currently, policymakers and planners do not have the right toolbox with easy access to assess the economic value of wetland ecosystems. It is obvious that quoting quantitative and monertary values in expressing the value of each resource will be an efficient and effective tool to justify the goals of sustainable development and environmental protection, and this is possible by having a clear guidance model. Economic valuation of ecosystem services is a useful tool to support ecosystem management decisions and help decision makers to protect the ecosystem more effectively. Estimating the economic value and costs of environmental damage to wetland ecosystems can be effective in preserving values and preventing their degradation. The aim of this study is to integrate the economic valuation and costs of environmental damage to the Iranian wetlands ecosystem services as part of the process of determining the economic value of natural resources. Existence of basic and practical model and guidance for wetland valuation can help interested users in identifying values, choosing valuation techniques appropriate to each value, and in general, guiding in the correct way of valuing goods and services and also in applying management and executive policies in line with the goals of sustainable development. The main purpose of this study is to show, using a conceptual framework, how to estimate the environmental values and costs of wetland ecosystem services. In this study, by reviewing selected articles and instructions related to the research topic, step-by-step steps for estimating the economic values and costs of environmental damage to the Iranian wetlands ecosystem services are presented.