Environmental Education
Mohammad Keshavarz; Hossein Damghanian; Seyyed Abbas Ebrahimi; Abbasali Rastegar
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of environmentally transformational leadership, spiritual leadership and Environmental passion of employees on creating environmental behavior in the organization. This study was applied in a descriptive and it was done with surveyed manner. The statistical ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of environmentally transformational leadership, spiritual leadership and Environmental passion of employees on creating environmental behavior in the organization. This study was applied in a descriptive and it was done with surveyed manner. The statistical sample in this study was 212 employees of Shiraz municipality who were selected through available sampling method. Partial least squares method and Smart PLS2 software were used for data analysis. Convergent validity was used to assess the validity and Cronbach's alpha was used to fit the reliability and its coefficient was greater than 0.7 for all research constructs. The results show environmentally transformational leadership and spiritual leadership with a path coefficient (0.384) and (0.579) has a positive and significant effect on Environmental passion. The results confirmed the positive and significant effect of Environmental passion and proenvironmental behavior of employees with a path coefficient (0.613) and a significant coefficient (7.033). It also mediates Environmental passion in the organization of the relationship between environmentally transformational leadership and environmental behavior of employees, but does not mediate the relationship between spiritual leadership and proenvironmental behavior of employees. Based on the findings, it is suggested that municipality managers use transformational and spiritual leadership styles to control the behavior of their employees and thus create more Environmental enthusiasm for the presentation of environmental behaviors.
Environmental Economics
Mehdi Fathabadi
Abstract
Introduction: Along with the manufacturing industries development, the sustainable development of this sector should be based on the continuous productivity growth of firms from the point of view of technological progress and efficiency improvement. In the manufacturing sector, product production can ...
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Introduction: Along with the manufacturing industries development, the sustainable development of this sector should be based on the continuous productivity growth of firms from the point of view of technological progress and efficiency improvement. In the manufacturing sector, product production can be accompanied by undesirable or unfavorable products, such as polluting gases, sewage, solid and liquid wastes, which ignoring them may lead to unbiased productivity and technical changes. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the changes of productivity and environmental efficiency of manufacturing industries in Iran's provinces.Materials and Method: To achieve the goal of the article, a two-step approach is used. In the first stage, the global Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index was measured the consideration of sewage and waste undesirable outputs and was divided into two components, technical efficiency changes and technological progress. In the second stage, the effect of environmental productivity growth drivers was estimated using Tobit, Logit and Probit models. The data of this article were extracted from the reports of the survey plan from industrial firms with 10 or more workers in the period of 2015-2019.Results: The findings of the first stage state that technological progress is the main contributor to environmental productivity growth in Iran’s manufacturing industries. The average change of environmental productivity has been Also decreased, which shows that the Iran’s provinces manufacturing firms are behind the existing global technology frontier. In our period, the criterion of eco-friendliness showed that 10 provinces were green and 16 were yellow, and the big provinces are also among yellow provinces. The results of the second stage indicate that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita income and environmental productivity growth. Also, the increase in the ratio of capital to employment has led to an increase in the environmental productivity growth; But the increase of energy intensity of manufacturing industries will reduce the environmental productivity.Discussion: In order to improve environmental productivity, industrial firms can help improve productivity, profit, competitiveness and enhance the quality of human life through evaluating the performance of economic firms, pricing processes of waste and waste of economic resources in the production process, as well as efforts to reduce pollution and harmful effects of the environment. Therefore, by reducing the production inputs consumption for a certain level of production or providing services, the reduction of production costs, the quality and products competitiveness at the national and global level will be improved, and the result will be the improvement of green economic growth. According to the results of the article, some policy recommendations can be suggested. First, the application and development of cleaner technologies and technologies that save energy consumption are the main drivers for the environmental productivity growth and sustainable development of Iran's provinces in the future. Second, considering the relationship between per capita income and the environmental productivity growth and since almost all large provinces such as Tehran and Isfahan are struggling with environmental problems, it is necessary to develop policies to increase industrial concentration in other provinces. In provinces with excessive economic activities such as Tehran, Isfahan and Khuzestan, it is necessary to control the industries density and population in these provinces in order to prevent the spread of pollution and other diseases of big cities that threaten sustainable development.
Air ppllution
Amir Abbasmofrad; Farhad Hamzeh; Omid Moradi; Nader Bahari
Abstract
The security and safety of metropolises today is the focus of men's government and urban diplomacy in all aspects of urban life. Also, one of the main components of the security threat is the environmental issue, including air pollution. The issue of air pollution and environmental crisis in metropolitan ...
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The security and safety of metropolises today is the focus of men's government and urban diplomacy in all aspects of urban life. Also, one of the main components of the security threat is the environmental issue, including air pollution. The issue of air pollution and environmental crisis in metropolitan areas, especially the city of Tehran in recent years has become one of the main concerns of those in charge of the authorities that trying to identify aspects of this crisis along with influential factors has become very important. The present article aims to investigate the relationship between air pollution and security with the mediating role of nanotechnology in the metropolis of Tehran. The present research in terms of descriptive-survey implementation method is based on the purpose of applied research and random sampling method. The statistical population of this study, due to their infinity, a statistical sample based on Cochran's formula, 384 people who are activists and experts in the fields of urban management, political geography, nanotechnology, environment, were selected. According to the research results, the implementation of air pollution reduction policies has an effect on increasing security by using nanotechnology and reducing air pollution and security has a significant and positive relationship with the mediating role of nanotechnology. Also, reducing air pollution and increasing security, reducing air pollution and nanotechnology, nanotechnology and increasing security have a significant and positive relationship.
Environmental Economics
Jalil Badamfirooz; Hamid Sarkheil; Roya Mousazadeh
Abstract
Mineral extraction plays an essential role in economic and social development. On the other hand, mining and its dependent processes can have harmful consequences on natural ecosystems, including air pollution, water, soil, and the impact on biodiversity and land use. Therefore, by quantifying these ...
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Mineral extraction plays an essential role in economic and social development. On the other hand, mining and its dependent processes can have harmful consequences on natural ecosystems, including air pollution, water, soil, and the impact on biodiversity and land use. Therefore, by quantifying these consequences and estimating the costs of damages to ecosystem services, it is possible to reduce the destruction of ecosystems in the country by applying measures based on prevention and control of effects. Jajarm bauxite mining area, as the largest and most crucial bauxite mine in the country, is located in North Khorasan province. Bauxite mining has negative environmental consequences on neighboring ecosystems during the exploitation and extraction of valuable aluminum material. Since the maximum impact area of this mine is cultivated areas downstream and around the extraction area of this area is 6000 hectares, in this study, the cost of environmental damages to the mine has been estimated using the benefit-transfer approach on this biome. The cost of damages to ecosystem services due to bauxite mining in the cultivated Areas (for 1000 hectares of affected cultivated areas) is estimated at 2481375 million IRR (equivalent to USD 9925500) in the year (2021). This highlights the importance of mine reclamation as well as ecological rehabilitation after mining activities in the area.Using economic tools to prevent and control the effects of mining activities is essential.
Environmental Economics
Vida Varahrami; Fattaneh Kolivand
Abstract
In this paper, for survey human health effect on economic growth, an econometric model with panel data is used for oil countries in 1995-2017. Innovation of this paper is estimation of an endogenous economic growth model with survey effect of health of human on economic growth, with effect of environmental ...
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In this paper, for survey human health effect on economic growth, an econometric model with panel data is used for oil countries in 1995-2017. Innovation of this paper is estimation of an endogenous economic growth model with survey effect of health of human on economic growth, with effect of environmental pollution on human health. This paper, used from a health index and an environmental pollution index (CO2 and NOX). PANEL-SUR model is used. Results reveal that environmental pollution has negative effect on health index and human development index. Results reveal that in our countries there is a negative relation between pollution and economic growth because of positive relation between health index and human development index and positive relation between human development index and economic growth, more pollution decrease positive effect of human development index on economic growth.
Sustainable Development
Mehdi Akbari Golzar
Abstract
In the middle of the twentieth century, human realized that if they continued to exploit nature in order to achieve their development goals, they would no longer be left with natural resources to continue their lives. To this end, it was considering ways to increase the productivity and conservation ...
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In the middle of the twentieth century, human realized that if they continued to exploit nature in order to achieve their development goals, they would no longer be left with natural resources to continue their lives. To this end, it was considering ways to increase the productivity and conservation of natural resources while continuing to develop. An idea that became one of the most important aspects of the concept of sustainable development. Several conferences on environmental protection have been held in the country's development process, the last of which was the Paris Conference 2015 with the participation of 198 countries and the issuance of the Paris Agreement. The implementation of this agreement will have many multilateral effects for the committed countries. In this study, the social implications of the implementation of the Paris Agreement, which Iran is committed to doing, will be examined. The method used is the analysis of qualitative content, which is done by analyzing the text of the agreement. The results indicate that Iran to impelement this agreement and not to exceed its greenhouse gas emissions, its annual development rate should not exceed 2%. This low rate virtually drops our country from reaching the advanced countries of the world. Also in the social context, it creates backwardness and pressure on the lower class of the society with intensify of the crisis of legitimacy for the government.
Environment Assessment
Elham Shafaii Moghaddam; Mohsen Niazi
Abstract
In the present century, environmental behavior of human as the most important effective factor on environment is under the observation of sociologists. The behavior both effects environmental issues and threats and is influenced by variant factors. This study observed the relation between environmental ...
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In the present century, environmental behavior of human as the most important effective factor on environment is under the observation of sociologists. The behavior both effects environmental issues and threats and is influenced by variant factors. This study observed the relation between environmental knowledge and environmental behavior by meta-analysis approach. Since 23 studies between the years, 1390 to 1398 in the subject of environmental behavior, which were qualified, were selected for entering to meta- analysis research. The selected studies are done by survey method and applied survey tools in different statistical societies by reliable measurement. In first step, the selected studies were evaluated by homogeneity of hypothesis and publication bias. According to this, the finding indicated the homogeneity of effect size and absence of publication bias. In second step, by applying the second version of CMA software, the coefficient of effect size were evaluated. The Results have shown have shown that the effect size or coefficient of effect of environmental knowledge on environmental behavior is 0.223 which is average according to Kohen interpretation system. In addition, the results obtained the moderator role of population society variable indicated that the environmental knowledge has the most affection on environmental behavior of students.
Air ppllution
Zahra Lotfi; Amir Abdoos; Habib Darparnian; Saeed Shokri
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the last century that threatens human health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the average concentration of air pollutants, to detect the trend of pollutants change pattern, to identify high-risk months, air pollution index ...
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Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the last century that threatens human health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the average concentration of air pollutants, to detect the trend of pollutants change pattern, to identify high-risk months, air pollution index and the impact of neighboring provinces on the air of Semnan province in 1399. In this study, the data of air pollution measuring stations in the west of Semnan province were examined. Monthly changes of pollutants in the west of Semnan province showed that the maximum monthly of most pollutants occurs in the cold season. The maximum concentration of cold months is caused by various factors such as increasing atmospheric stability, temperature inversions, decreasing surface wind speed and using more heat sources. Vehicles also have less fuel combustion in cold conditions. In addition, a significant part of this pollution is accumulated from neighboring provinces due to wind and geographical location within the province and causes changes in air quality in the province. Also, population increase, public fleet wear, high traffic of urban vehicles, industrial use, dust centers and geographical location are also factors affecting air pollution in the west of Semnan province.
Omidali Adeli
Abstract
Although economic growth and development in different countries has increased economic prosperity, but also environmental pollution threatens human life. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting air pollution by emphasizing the emission of carbon dioxide in among the countries ...
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Although economic growth and development in different countries has increased economic prosperity, but also environmental pollution threatens human life. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting air pollution by emphasizing the emission of carbon dioxide in among the countries of the ECO region from 2000 to 2018 with an emphasis on financial development. To investigate the effect of financial development on environmental pollution, the Panel Data econometric method has been used and the model coefficients have been estimated with Eviews 10 software. The dependent variable of the research is the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in terms of tons per year and the independent variable is the combined index of financial development. Two control variables including GDP and energy consumption are also included in the model. In the long run, the effect of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions in the ECO countries is positive and significant. Also, the effects of GDP and energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions are positive and significant. The coefficient of determination of the model is equal to 98%, which indicates the high descriptive power of the model. Although increasing the level of economic activity increases welfare in different societies, but given that increasing the level of economic activity, especially industrial activity, increases the emission of carbon dioxide and biodegradation. یEnvironment in ECO member countries, economic policy makers of these countries should work together to implement the necessary policies and strategies to control and reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other environmental pollutants.
Environment Assessment
Mehdi Ajalli; Abbas Nasisri; Hassan Hedayati
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of green supply chain management operations (green procurement, green production, green distribution, green logistics (on environmental cooperation and sustainable performance) economic, social, and environmental (in the country's technology ...
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The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of green supply chain management operations (green procurement, green production, green distribution, green logistics (on environmental cooperation and sustainable performance) economic, social, and environmental (in the country's technology petrochemical company. Literature and research background, a conceptual model of the relationship between these structures was presented, and then the path analysis approach was used to examine the relationship between them. The statistical population of the study consists of 55 experts and specialists of the company due to limited size the population was used as a sample of all members. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection method. The output of the Path Analysis showed that: "Green supply chain management operations have a positive effect on" performance "Sustainability" and "environmental cooperation" as well as "environmental cooperation has a positive effect on the performance of sustainability in Fanavaran Petrochemical Company". The output of SWARA technique indicates that the "environmental criterion" with the most weight has been identified as the most important performance measure of sustainability in evaluating suppliers. "Economic criteria" and "social criteria" were also ranked next in importance. Finally, using VIKOR technique, seven suppliers of the company's materials were evaluated and the suppliers were ranked in terms of sustainability performance. The findings of this study are especially useful for manufacturing companies in developing environmental cooperation with their suppliers in order to achieve sustainable performance.
Samaneh Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction: According to international reports, the emission of carbon dioxide in Iran is increasing and it is moving to the top ranks of the first ten countries in the emission of carbon dioxide, research in this field is necessary. The purpose of this research is to analyze the carbon dioxide emission ...
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Introduction: According to international reports, the emission of carbon dioxide in Iran is increasing and it is moving to the top ranks of the first ten countries in the emission of carbon dioxide, research in this field is necessary. The purpose of this research is to analyze the carbon dioxide emission function and the effective variables in this function using the Markov switching method with two regimes for the period from 1975 to 2018. In the conducted researches, the carbon dioxide emission function for Iran has not been investigated. For the first time, this research examines the carbon dioxide emission function in Iran. The purpose of this research is to investigate the carbon dioxide emission function in Iran using the Markov switching method.Material and methods: Markov switching method was used in this research. In Markov switching models, the time series process is a function of an unobservable random variable called the regime. If the time series changes over time with regime change, the assumption of constant parameters in VAR models is not justified. MS-VAR models can be used as a suitable replacement. The model examined in this research is as follows:LCO2t = β + LCO2t-1 + LENERGYt + LGDPt + (LGDP)t2+UtIn the above model, LENERGY logarithm of energy consumption per capita, LGDP is the logarithm of gross domestic product at constant prices in 2005. U term error and (LGDP)2, The square of the logarithm of GDP in 2005 price LCO2t-1 is the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions in kilograms with one break and LCOt is the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions (kg per GDP in 2010 dollars). The data of this research was collected from the World Bank website and Oxmetrics7 software was used to estimate the model. The model was considered with two regimes, a regime with high fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission and a regime with low fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission.Results: In this research, two regimes, including the regime of high fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission and the regime of low fluctuation of carbon dioxide emission, were investigated. According to the results, the hypothesis of Iran's Kuznets curve in the shape of an inverted U was confirmed. According to the results, Iran is at the beginning of the downward part of the Kuznets curve. In the function of carbon dioxide gas emission, the logarithm of carbon dioxide gas emission with one break, the variable logarithm of energy consumption, the logarithm of real gross domestic product, the squared logarithm of real gross domestic product, respectively 0.53%, 0.55%, 0.46% and -0.070 % has a significant effect on the emission of carbon dioxide gas.Discussion In this model, the width of the regression origin is dependent on the regime. The intermittent variable of the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions has had a positive and significant effect on the logarithm of carbon dioxide emissions, which shows that with the increase in the carbon dioxide emissions of the previous period, the carbon dioxide emissions of the next period will increase. The carbon dioxide gas released in a period is not completely absorbed until the end of the period, and some of it remains in the environment as storage. All variables of the model are significant with zero probability in the function. Based on the findings of the research, variables of energy consumption, real gross domestic product, real gross domestic product squared and carbon dioxide gas emission variable have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide gas emission.
Ecosystem Management
Parimah Samadpoor; Shahrazad Faryadi; Lobat Zebardast
Abstract
Introduction: Natural capital is essential for human survival and achieving sustainable development goals. Therefore, a scientific framework is required to evaluate regional natural capitals consumption and their capacity to ensure sustainable development. Natural capitals represent the limiting and ...
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Introduction: Natural capital is essential for human survival and achieving sustainable development goals. Therefore, a scientific framework is required to evaluate regional natural capitals consumption and their capacity to ensure sustainable development. Natural capitals represent the limiting and irreplaceable factors in human well-being and sustainability of every developmental intervention. Degradation of the accumulation and flows of the natural capitals are the fundamental issues in the discussion of environmental sustainability. The current research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the state of ecosystem sustainability by adopting two approaches of ecological footprint and ecosystem services, and in other words, comparing the amount of demand for resources with the supply of goods and services provided by the ecosystem.Materials and Method: In this research, to investigate the sustainability of Nowshahr's natural and urban ecosystem as the case study, first, the trend of land use changes and its associated phenomena in the region have been investigated using ENVI 5.6 software for processing the satellite images. In order to investigate the change process of the study area, Landsat satellite reference images, TM, ETM+ and OLI sensors were used for the time scale of 2002, 2013 and 2020. Then, the classic ecological footprint of the region was calculated for six types of productive ecosystems, including agricultural lands, pastures, fishing areas, forests, built-up lands, and the carbon demand. The areas of these six land cover types were converted into global hectares using yield and equivalence factors. Subsequently, the maximum amount of ecosystem service flow per global hectare was estimated. And after that, the amount of consumption of natural capital accumulation and the occupation of capital flow in the region were investigated. Finally, the ecosystem stability of the study area was investigated using indicators such as the ecological pressure index (EPI), ecological sustainability index (ESI), ratio of capital stock to flows index, flow occupation ratio index, and excessive natural capital flow index.Results: According to the research results in the city of Nowshahr, during the period of 2011-2019, the amount of ecological footprint, ecological deficit and pressure have gradually increased, resulting in a reduction of the ecological balance and stability. Only the pasture, forest and fishing areas are in a stable state meaning that the supply of ecological resources is more than the demand, and the pressure is still within the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. In the period of investigation, the amount of use of stock to natural capital flow has increased and has reached almost four times of natural capital flow.Discussion: Measuring human demand for natural capital and nature's supply is essential for tracking progress, setting goals, and orientating sustainability policies. By combining the two approaches of evaluating ecosystem services and ecological footprint, it is possible to track human demand and nature's supply from a precise subset of ecosystem services, and therefore ecological balance and sustainability can be examined at the local level. Based on the results of the research, the stability of the region and the status of its ecosystem services is threatened by the cultivated land, and mainly the consumption of fossil energy. Based on the results of the research, in the period of investigation, the stability of the city of Nowshahr has decreased and the status of its ecosystem services are threatened by the cultivated land, and mainly the consumption of fossil energy. During this period and considering factors such as land use level, ecological deficit, footprint depth, ecosystem service flow, ecological pressure index, and ecological sustainability index, agricultural land use was the most unsustainable and fishing was the most sustainable use in city of Nowshahr.
Water Pollution
Mohammad Ebrahim Farashiani; Marziyeh Alinejad; Seyyedeh Masoomeh Zamani
Abstract
Rapid population growth has increased the need for agricultural and food products and paved the way for the development of agricultural activities. Due to the limited land for cultivation, the increasing need for food will be possible only by achieving maximum productivity per unit area and increasing ...
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Rapid population growth has increased the need for agricultural and food products and paved the way for the development of agricultural activities. Due to the limited land for cultivation, the increasing need for food will be possible only by achieving maximum productivity per unit area and increasing crop quality. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as irrigation are among the effective methods to increase the productivity of agricultural products, among which, the use of chemical fertilizers has always been one of the most important priorities in improving the agricultural activities of producers. Farmers consider the use of these chemical inputs to increase crop yield, improve soil fertility and increase their income. Recent studies have shown that excessive and untimely use of fertilizers has several adverse effects on the environment and human health. These effects include leaching and displacement of compounds in different soil layers, groundwater and surface water pollution, accumulation of heavy metals and nitrates, increased wetland feed, air pollution and accumulation of nitrogen gases, sulfur and greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and extinction. He noted the ozone layer and the acidification of rain and the accumulation of chemicals in plant, animal and human tissues. The purpose of this study is to identify the environmental and biological effects of improper use of chemical fertilizers and to provide a practical solution to reduce consumption and environmental pollution.
Environment Assessment
Maryam Dahmardeh Pahlavan; Mohsen Shahriari Moghadam; Saeedeh Maleki Najafabadi; Vahid Rahdari
Abstract
Introduction: Coastal areas worldwide hold significant social and economic importance. These areas, in addition to providing essential ecosystem services, have considerable potential for activities such as tourism, industry, and transportation, contributing significantly to the economic and social development ...
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Introduction: Coastal areas worldwide hold significant social and economic importance. These areas, in addition to providing essential ecosystem services, have considerable potential for activities such as tourism, industry, and transportation, contributing significantly to the economic and social development of countries. Given that coastal areas are among the most complex ecosystems, they require monitoring and planning for enhanced protection. Timely and accurate identification of land use changes, which form the basis for better understanding human-nature interactions, provides the necessary groundwork for the efficient management and utilization of coastal resources.Materials and Methods: The present study aims to investigate land use and land cover changes in the Chabahar coastal areas for four periods, including the years 1368, 1378, 1388, and 1398, using Landsat satellite time series data. Land cover mapping was performed through preprocessing and processing stages, followed by classification using a combined method. The accuracy of the produced maps was assessed using error matrix, Kappa index, and overall accuracy, which were greater than 80% and 0.8, respectively. Land use changes were analyzed using landscape metrics.Results: The results indicated that barren land had the highest land use percentage in all studied years. Saline and barren land cover decreased by 398.28 and 75.7 hectares, respectively, from 1368 to 1398, while aquatic land cover increased by 115.3 hectares in 1398 compared to 1368. The analysis of vegetation cover also revealed that this land use, along with human-made structures, consistently allocated the smallest area in all periods, gradually increasing. The accuracy assessment of land cover classification showed high accuracy in the produced maps, with the highest and lowest accuracy rates in 1368 (93.25%) and 1398 (85.6%), respectively. In 1398, the number of patches for aquatic land, vegetation cover, and human-made structures increased (830, 2662, and 4, respectively) compared to 1368 (146, 2386, and 1, respectively), while the number of saline and barren land patches decreased in 1398 (643 and 761, respectively) compared to 1368 (720 and 1060, respectively).Discussion: The study results demonstrated considerable changes in the Chabahar coastline over the past 30 years. The findings indicated a significant increase in vegetation cover from 1368 to 1398 (from 116.34 to 202.30 hectares), contributing a total of 85.96 hectares to land use. This increase in vegetation cover can be attributed to agricultural expansion. The detection results of changes in human-made areas also showed substantial growth (133.18, 205.74, 228.29, and 411.42 in 1368, 1378, 1388, and 1398, respectively) during the study period. Overall, it can be concluded that, based on the analysis of landscape metrics, the increase in human-made land uses and environmental changes has continued, and integrated management plans for coastal areas have not been adopted.
Samaneh Bagheri
Abstract
Financial development is one of the goals of countries. This study investigates for the first time the impact of financial development on environmental pollution and energy consumption with the method of generalized torque, dynamic least squares and adjusted minimum squares in OPEC member countries in ...
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Financial development is one of the goals of countries. This study investigates for the first time the impact of financial development on environmental pollution and energy consumption with the method of generalized torque, dynamic least squares and adjusted minimum squares in OPEC member countries in the period 1992-1992. Iran has a comparative advantage in energy consumption, so research in this area is necessary. According to the results of financial development, it has had a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution in these countries in the form of three models, and indicates that financial development in these countries has not led to the creation of environmentally friendly technologies. Energy consumption, GDP and urban growth have a positive and significant effect on environmental pollution. The Kuznets curve in these countries is confirmed by an inverted U-shape. Financial development with dynamic least squares and adjusted ordinary squares has a positive and significant effect on energy consumption.
Sustainable Development
Kiyumars Moladoost; Mohanna Shahmoradi
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the institutionalization of environmental culture in sports in a combined (sequential-exploratory) method, in two qualitative and quantitative steps. In the first step, to identify the factors affecting the institutionalization of environmental culture ...
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This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the institutionalization of environmental culture in sports in a combined (sequential-exploratory) method, in two qualitative and quantitative steps. In the first step, to identify the factors affecting the institutionalization of environmental culture in sports, a qualitative method was used. The study population in the qualitative section consisted of experts in the field of sports and the environment (experts of specialized committees on sports and the environment in sports federations, the National Olympic Committee, and the Environmental Protection Organization) who used purposive sampling method of 25 Samples were studied. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews until data saturation was reached. Analysis of field interviews was performed using the content analysis method with an inductive approach.In the second step (quantitative approach), the effect of various factors on the institutionalization of environmental culture in sport was evaluated. The statistical population consisted of a small number of government employees, university professors, students, and other professions related to sports and the environment. Using simple random sampling, 412 of them were selected as the statistical sample. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the results of the qualitative section. The content validity of the questionnaire was performed by expert assessors in the current field of study and also, its stability was confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha (0.7≤α). Four factors, motivational-supportive, government-managerial, cultural-social, and policy-supportive, were extracted from analyzing the database on the Exploratory Factor Analysis method which supports 65.66% of the variance in the institutionalization of environmental culture in Sports in Iran. The media’s impact on public opinion about environmental culture especially in Sports due to its power of informing and building discourse in society cannot be neglected.
Farhad Javan; Hasan Hasani Moghaddam; Hasan Torabi
Abstract
Namin county in Ardebil province has a large lands of hazelnut forest species, that it is one of the rich habitats of Hyrcanian forests. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the land degradation process of hazelnut forests in Namin County using Landsat, ETM+ images in 2007 and OLI images ...
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Namin county in Ardebil province has a large lands of hazelnut forest species, that it is one of the rich habitats of Hyrcanian forests. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the land degradation process of hazelnut forests in Namin County using Landsat, ETM+ images in 2007 and OLI images in 2017. Pre-processing was performed to enhance the spatial resolution of images using the IHS method to fusion both of the panchromatic and multispectral images of sensors. The images were classified into supervised and fused images with a spatial resolution of 15 m and performed with artificial neural network algorithm. The results showed that out of the total classified study area in the year 2000, 9999.06 ha belonged to forest land, which decreased to 9531.74 ha compared to 2007. Also the area of these forests decreased from 7,700 hectares from 2007 to 1396. Therefore, to preserve natural landscapes, land consolidation and legalization should be on the agenda of national experts and officials.
Air ppllution
Razieh Farhadi; Mehdi Kargar; Ghasem Zolfagari
Abstract
Air pollution is a global threat to public and environmental health, especially in urban areas. Therefore, modeling is used to control and planing concentration of pollutants. In this paper, a model is proposed based on linear regression for short term forecasting of CO, PM10 and O3 based on meteorological ...
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Air pollution is a global threat to public and environmental health, especially in urban areas. Therefore, modeling is used to control and planing concentration of pollutants. In this paper, a model is proposed based on linear regression for short term forecasting of CO, PM10 and O3 based on meteorological parameters, and the results are presented. Data of meteorological parameters including humidity, pressure, minimum and maximum temperature, wind speed and wind direction (Birjand Meteorological Organization), and air pollution data (CO, PM10, and O3 concentrations) from the Birjand weather organization were prepared and used as daily average. SPSS16 software was used for linear regression modeling. The results showed that the highest correlation coefficient for CO pollutant with minimum temperature was 0.53 and the lowest correlation coefficient with the value of 0.166 was wtih the wind direction. The maximum correlation coefficient of PM10 contamination with wind speed was 0.33 and the lowest correlation coefficient of this pollutant with a pressure was 0.882. Finally, the highest correlation coefficient of O3 contamination with maximum temperature was 0.50 and also with regard to the regression coefficient obtained for carbon monoxide (R = 0.33) compared to the other two pollutants, has been obtained better.
Environment Assessment
Khodakaram Shokri; Majid Shaban
Abstract
Mining wastes are one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants which, if not removed, enter the surface and groundwater, causing toxic complexes and potential risks to humans and ecosystems. They create an environment. Because ore makes up a small portion of the total volume of minerals mined, ...
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Mining wastes are one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants which, if not removed, enter the surface and groundwater, causing toxic complexes and potential risks to humans and ecosystems. They create an environment. Because ore makes up a small portion of the total volume of minerals mined, mines will have a lot of waste. In the metal industry, the production of copper, lead and zinc cause the most damage to the environment. Copper Mining Operations Generate Extensive Mineral Waste Melting Zinc and Lead Introduces large amounts of cadmium and lead into the environment. The growth of gases and particulate matter, the production of polluted effluents and solid waste are the result of melting and refining metals. Soil contamination with heavy metals is a serious problem associated with metal smelting. In order to study the effects of the studied mine on the environment, it is necessary to examine the water, rocks and soil, plants and even their drains and waterways in terms of pollution. Findings of this study show that Bavanat copper mine has a significant effect on the level of pollution in water, soil and plants in the region.
Water Pollution
Maedeh Parichehre; Fardin Sadeghzadeh; Bahi Jalili; Mohammad Ali Bahmanyar; Abd Wahid Samsuri
Abstract
Introduction: The increase of various industries and the ever-increasing growth of the population of the planet have caused all kinds of contamination in the environment. One of the most important contaminants in water, which has many risks for human health and living organisms and important environmental ...
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Introduction: The increase of various industries and the ever-increasing growth of the population of the planet have caused all kinds of contamination in the environment. One of the most important contaminants in water, which has many risks for human health and living organisms and important environmental risks, is anionic compounds in high concentration. Chromium is one of these contaminants that causes contamination in the environment and brings many risks to human health and other living organisms. Various methods have been evaluated to remove heavy metals from water, which often include chemical or energy-intensive processes. Therefore, it is important to modify these sources with the help of affordable adsorbents and with low energy consumption. Previous studies showed that biochar, metal-coated biochars and carbon-metal composites are highly effective in removing chromium contaminants with a concentration of 20 mg/liter from water, but so far the effect of these adsorbents on removing this anionic contaminant in high concentrations has not been investigated.Materials and Methods: In this research, the efficiency of different adsorbents (biochar, copper-coated biochar, aluminum-coated biochar, iron-coated biochar, biochar-copper composite, biochar-aluminum composite and biochar-iron composite) on the removal of chromium, with a concentration of 300 mg per liter, from water was investigated. Metal-coated biochars were prepared from the combination of metals (copper, iron and aluminum) with a concentration of 10000 mg/kg with biochar produced at 600 degrees Celsius and various biochar-metal composites were prepared from the combination of these metals with rice straw and then the samples were pyrolyzed at 600 degrees Celsius. In order to determine the efficiency of the adsorbents, 0.5 grams of each adsorbent was mixed with 40 ml of chromium solution with a concentration of 300 mg/l and pH= 6 and shaken for three hours until they reached equilibrium. Then the samples were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 6000 rpm and after the filtration, the final concentration of the contaminant was obtained and the percentage of chromium removal was calculated.Results: The results of the present study showed that all of the applied adsorbents were effective in removing high concentrations of chromium from water. The lowest removal rate of this contaminant was related to the biochar sample, which only removed 15.28% of this contaminant from water; And the highest amount of removal was achieved using iron composite, which removed 44.45% of the contaminant from the aqueous solution. According to the results of this research, it can be observed that coating biochar and rice straw with metals has been able to increase the efficiency of this adsorbent in removing chromium from water. For example, iron composite and iron-coated biochar were able to remove 44.45 and 30.86% of chromium contaminant from the aqueous solution, respectively, while rice straw biochar was only able to remove 15.28% of this contaminant from water.Discussion: The results of present study showed that iron coated biochar and biochar-iron composite had more ability to remove chromium contaminant from aqueous solution than other metal coated biochars and biochar-metal composites and were able to perform more successfully. Therefore, the use of these adsorbents can be effective in the treatment of chromium-contaminated water.
Mohammad Bahrami Saif Abaf; Javad Azizi; sajad hojatdoost
Abstract
Acquiring and using knowledge resources is essential for companies to implement green supply chain management and help companies understand market information, government policies and customer needs, and perform technological innovations and product design and development to maintain their competitive ...
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Acquiring and using knowledge resources is essential for companies to implement green supply chain management and help companies understand market information, government policies and customer needs, and perform technological innovations and product design and development to maintain their competitive advantage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of knowledge search and knowledge creation on green supply chain management with the moderating role of knowledge utilization and the mediating role of green self-efficacy. The present study was conducted among 135 companies in Yasuj industrial towns. The results show that knowledge search and knowledge production with path coefficients of 0.316 and 0.368 have a positive effect on green supply chain management and encourage companies to implement green supply chain management. Green self-efficacy plays a mediating role between knowledge seeking with a path coefficient of 0.175 and knowledge production with a path coefficient of 0.338 and green supply chain management. Also, knowledge production and application with path coefficients of 0.650 and 0.584 has a moderating role in the relationship between knowledge seeking and green self-efficacy.
Environment Assessment
Jalil Sarhangzadeh; Parastoo Parivar
Abstract
Nowadays because of various factors, including inappropriate land use, and indiscriminate exploitation of water resources, soil and vegetation, wide areas of the country were exposed to destruction of lands and desertification. Therefore land use planning based on its ecological capability has a significant ...
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Nowadays because of various factors, including inappropriate land use, and indiscriminate exploitation of water resources, soil and vegetation, wide areas of the country were exposed to destruction of lands and desertification. Therefore land use planning based on its ecological capability has a significant role in environmental management and in preventing environmental degradation in the direction of sustainable development. In this study, land use planning for Makidi village (2415 ha) in south of Arasbaran protected area has been conducted. The main objectives of the plan were to promote sustainable use, to increase living conditions, and enhance environmental conservation in the region. First, ecological and socio-economic resources were surveyed and mapped (scale 1:10000). Then data analysis and integration with system analysis approach were performed. As a result, 1571 micro-ecosystems were mapped. Ecological capability of mapping unit was evaluated for aquatic cultivation, dry farming, range management, forestry, ecotourism and conservation with the aid of specified ecological models. Finally with coordination of socioeconomic data and ecological capability of mapping unit, priority of land uses was established. At the end, map of land use planning for Makidi area was depicted for management purposes. The results show that %0.67 of allocated land use is suitable for irrigation farming, %8.49 for dry farming, %26.89 for range management, %13.64 for protected forestry, %0.34 for intensive ecotourism and finally .%49.15 for conservation.
Water Recources
Gholam Reza Goodarzi; Fatemeh Ahmadloo; Farmahini Farahani; Zia Azdoo
Abstract
In arid areas, increasing irrigation periods is necessary to providing the water needed for the development of green space and plantation. This study was conducted in forest park of Saveh based on a randomized complete block design in split-split plot arrangement with irrigation period as main plot and ...
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In arid areas, increasing irrigation periods is necessary to providing the water needed for the development of green space and plantation. This study was conducted in forest park of Saveh based on a randomized complete block design in split-split plot arrangement with irrigation period as main plot and coniferous species of Juniperus excelsa M.B., Cupressus arizonica Green., Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco., Cupressus sempervirens Var. fastigiata., Cupressus sempervirens Var. horizontalis., Pinus eldarica Medw., Pinus brutia Ten., Pinus mugo Turra., Pinus pinea L., Taxodium distichum L. Rich., as sub plot with different origin in three blocks for 5 years. In each block from each species, 24 seedlings as a group were planted at 2.5 × 2 m. spacing that from these numbers, 12 seedlings were considered for 7 days irrigation and 12 seedlings for 14 days irrigation using of TerraCottem hydrophilic polymer. The results showed that height and collar diameter showed a significant statistical difference.in the interaction between irrigation periods and species. The main effect of irrigation period was significant on characteristics of collar diameter and vitality. P. brutia obtained the highest height (2.76 m), survival percentage (90.67 %), and vitality (90 %) and P. mugo obtained the highest collar diameter (6.42 cm), canopy cover diameter (1.27 m) and area of canopy cover (5.12 m2). Cluster analysis showed that species of P. orientalis, P. brutia and C. sempervirens Var. fastigiata with Koloudeh origin are in the most suitable conditions in terms of each of the variables studied and along with 14 days irrigation period using of TerraCottem hydrophilic polymer introduced for planting in Saveh.
Environmental Economics
Hamid Sarkheil; Mahdieh Rezazadeh Belgori; Ravanbakhsh Shirdam; Yousef Azimi
Abstract
Introduction: In developing countries, Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) offers numerous benefits, including the identification of hidden costs, waste reduction, improved environmental outcomes, enhanced product quality and competitiveness, and increased process and resource productivity. The zinc ...
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Introduction: In developing countries, Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) offers numerous benefits, including the identification of hidden costs, waste reduction, improved environmental outcomes, enhanced product quality and competitiveness, and increased process and resource productivity. The zinc mining industry and related activities, such as concentrate production and zinc smelting, require process life cycle analysis due to the extensive pollution they generate, including contamination of surface and underground water from heavy elements in the leachate. Through the use of MFCA modeling, it is possible to accurately evaluate the inputs and outputs of current processes in this field and analyze them for environmental effects.Materials and Methods: This study involved visits to industrial smelting units, expert opinions, and integration with the Sima Pro software database to prepare a life cycle model and network of the product life cycle and its environmental effects. By analyzing the life cycle of Iran's zinc smelting industry, green product productivity was used to calculate the cost-material flow in the selected sample unit, track the material flow, and present a model for the life cycle of zinc. This involved utilizing information from Iran's zinc smelting industry, data from the Sima Pro software database, and the implementation of the MFCA model on information related to zinc smelting and concentrate products. In this model, zinc smelting and zinc concentrate production processes were treated as input and greenhouse gas emissions as output.* Corresponding Author’s email: Sarkheil@khu.ac.ir Results: Based on the material balance relationship, the combination of calcine with sulfuric acid produces leach cake, silver, lead, and air pollution. The research estimates that for the production of one ton of zinc ingot, the amount of air pollution generated is 7 kg. MFCA analysis of the leaching unit of the industrial research complex indicates that the cost of 5070 kilograms of input materials is 12,350,000 Tomans, the cost of the system is 30,000,000 Tomans, and the cost of energy is 1,950,000 Tomans. The study also found that 3549 kg of product is obtained for 9,100,000 Tomans, while 1536 kg of waste is produced at the cost of 3,250,000 Tomans. This highlights the input values, the primary product, and the secondary product.Discussion: Through the provision of comprehensive life cycle models for the zinc smelting process, especially the zinc smelting concentrate process, the inputs and outputs of the production chain were evaluated. By accurately determining the flow cost of these materials, the process of zinc smelting concentrate production can be optimized to minimize losses, reduce environmental pollution, lower direct costs, and increase economic output, thereby leading to the growth and development of the industrial complex.
Mokarrameh Behmanesh; Atefeh Chamani; Elham Chavoshi
Abstract
Introduction: One of the most important emerging pollutants in aquatic environments that has recently attracted the attention of global researchers in recent years is plastic waste, especially microplastics. Aquatic fauna can ingest microplastics as they confuse it for their prey. Aquatic organisms can ...
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Introduction: One of the most important emerging pollutants in aquatic environments that has recently attracted the attention of global researchers in recent years is plastic waste, especially microplastics. Aquatic fauna can ingest microplastics as they confuse it for their prey. Aquatic organisms can easily ingest microplastics because their size is similar to that of the larvae of several organisms, including plankton. Consequently, the animal may develop a sense of satiety after ingesting microplastics, causing reduced food uptake and decreased energy intake, which in turn may affect growth, survival, fecundity and reproduction rate, impacting general fitness of the organisms. Once ingested, these particles can be transferred to higher trophic levels. Despite the fact that freshwater is the only source of drinking water, knowledge about the effects of microplastic pollution in freshwater environments compared to marine environments is still in its infancy. Therefore, the aim of the present study is too comprehensive investigate the presence and distribution of microplastics in the sediments of Zayandeh-Rud River.Materials and Methods: From upstream to downstream of Zayandeh-Rud River, 21 sampling stations were selected and in each station, sampling was done in an area of 30 x 30 cm to a depth of approximately 10 cm above the sediment in three repetitions. Sample processing was done during two stages of organic material digestion using hydrogen peroxide and density separation using sodium chloride salt. Microplastics were identified using a standard light microscope with magnifications of 40x, 100x and 400x. Different standard protocols such as pressure, tension, additional light or hot needle tests were used to detect microplastics. After identifying the microplastic particles, their type and shape, color and size were determined and recorded. Raman spectrometer was used to determine the polymer composition of microplastics.Results: The average abundance of microplastics was 70.481±29.39 particles in 50 gr/dry sediment. Station 17 with an average number of 363.50±14.849 particles and stations 1, 6 and 7 with an average number of 1.33 ±1.528 particles in 50 gr/dry sediment had the highest and lowest levels of pollution, respectively. The size of all microplastics was in the range of 50-5000 micrometers. Microplastics less than 500 microns were the most abundant with 64.5%. The dominant form of microplastics with the frequency of 34.9%, 33% and 28.8% belonged to line, fragment and fiber, respectively. In total, 4 polymers, polypropylene, polyamide, polyurethane and polyethylene, were identified. The results were compared with the reference spectra provided in the Openspecy database. In total, 3 different polymers including polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polyamide (PA) were found in sediments.Discussion: The result of this research indicates microplastics dispersion in the sediments of Zayandeh-Rud River. Polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE) polymers found in Zayandeh-Rud River sediments are often used in textiles. The composition of the polymer in the sediments clearly indicates the discharge of wastewater from the washing of synthetic textile into the river. Polypropylene and polyethylene are used to make ropes and fishing nets. In addition, polypropylene fibers are widely used for the production of floor coverings, carpets and rugs, sports clothes, making agricultural mulch, fishing nets, packaging bags and ropes. Due to its high strength and hardness, polyamide is used to produce items such as ropes, safety belts, parachutes, thread and fishing nets, as well as in the production of synthetic fibers such as clothes, socks and carpet fibers.Therefore, it can be stated that human activities, including the discharge of urban and industrial wastewater, plastic waste by tourists on the river and also the use of fishing nets by fishermen, play an important role in microplastic pollution in this area. Therefore, developing a program to monitoring microplastics in the water and sediment of Zayandeh-Rud River will be of great help for management measures to control this pollution.