نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی منابع طبیعی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

10.22034/envj.2023.393899.1288

چکیده

بررسی علت شکست سیاست‌های محیط‌زیستی حکومت‌ها، مستلزم شناخت روند تکاملی حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی است. Ioris (2014) با تمرکز بر رویکردی فلسفی- سیاسی نشان می‌دهد که در طول سده‌ی گذشته سه مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی در کشورهای غربی به اجرا گذاشته شده‌است که تحت تأثیر نظریه‌های سیاسی هابز، کانت و هگل قرار دارند و نماینده‌ی سه تغییر و واکنش متفاوت به مسائل و مشکلات محیط‌زیستی هستند. روند اضمحلال محیط‌زیست، اصلاحات قانونی و نهادی در ایران آشکار می‌کند که حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی در ایران نیز روند تکاملی دارد. لذا این سؤال مطرح می‌شود که آیا روند تکاملی حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی کشورهای غربی قابلیت تطبیق با شرایط ایران را دارد؟ بنابراین این پژوهش با تمرکز بر نظریه‌ی Ioris (2014) و استفاده از روش‌ تحلیل محتوای کیفی روند تکاملی حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی ایران را بررسی می‌کند. بررسی ادبیات اجبار و غیراجبار در قوانین و مقررات محیط‌زیستی نشان می‌دهد که نهادهای قانون‌گذار برای حفاظت از محیط‌زیست بر اعمال سیاست اجبار تمرکز دارند. علی‌رغم این‌که غالبیت ادبیات اجبار در قانون راجع به جنگل‌ها (1321) تا قانون حفاظت از خاک (1398) نشان از حاکمیت اندیشه‌ی هابز در حقوق محیط‌زیستی ایران دارد اما ظرفیّت‌سازی‌های نهادی برای حل مشکلات محیط‌زیستی و منابع آب نشان می‌دهد که آن‌چه که در عمل در مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی ایران رخ داده‌است برای تشکیل نوع خاصی از حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی است. در واقع، بارزترین ویژگی‌های مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی قرارداد محور (ارزیابی اثرات محیط‌زیستی) و دوران گذر (توسعه‌ی پایدار) به‌طور همزمان در دولت سازندگی (سال 1373) وارد حقوق محیط‌زیستی ایران شدند. علاوه بر این، حکومت در ایران بدون بسترسازی‌ برای ورود به مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی هگلی، رویکردهای منعطف‌تری را وارد قوانین و مقررات منابع آب کرده است. مانند افزایش سهم مشارکت بخش خصوصی در سطوح سه‌گانه‌ی حکم‌رانی، تقویت ظرفیت‌های قانونی شکل‌گیری ابزارهای بازار مبنا مانند بانک آب در پیش‌نویس لایحه‌ی قانون آب، معرفی ابزارهای سیاستی خدمات اکوسیستم و پرداخت بهای خدمات برای حل مشکلات منابع آب در مقیاس حوزه‌های آبخیز. بنابراین می‌توان بیان کرد که چارچوب‌های مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی منعطف در کشور ایران نیز ظاهر شده‌است اما با این تفاوت که روند تکاملی مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی کشور ایران مطابق با کشورهای غربی نیست. به‌عبارتی حکومت در ایران به‌دنبال پیاده‌سازی حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی است که حاصل ترکیب جریمه‌های حاکمیت قرارداد محور با مشوق‌های اقتصادی مبتنی بر تعاملات بازاری مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی هگلی است. لذا اقدام به ترکیب عناصر مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی قرارداد محور با عناصر حاکمیت محیط‌زیست دوران گذر و مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی هگلی کرده‌است. به‌عبارتی در زمانی که قواعد حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی قرارداد محور (به‌ویژه سیاست اجبار) مبنای کار حکومت در مدیریت محیط‌زیست و منابع طبیعی کشور ایران است، ادبیات سبز و توسعه‌ی پایدار نیز وارد سیاست‌ها و قوانین محیط‌زیستی می‌شوند. باید توجه داشت که تمرکز بر چارچوب‌های مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی قرارداد محور و مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی منعطف توان حل مسائل و مشکلات محیط‌زیستی ایران را ندارد، بنابراین لازم است اقدام به طراحی چارچوب‌های یک مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی بومی برای کشور ایران کرد که بر مشارکت گروه‌های محلی تمرکز دارد. استفاده از چارچوب‌های این مدل حاکمیت محیط‌زیستی پیشنهاد شده باعث کاهش نابرابری‌های اجتماعی در حوزه‌های آبخیز و ایجاد توازن و نظم بین منافع مردم در مقیاس حوزه‌های آبخیز کوچک و سیاست‌های کلان در مقیاس حوزه‌های آبخیز اصلی می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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