Sustainable Development
Volume 1, Issue 57 , January 0, , Pages 1-18
Abstract
This study conducted to develop the framework for the establishment of a SIA system in Iran. Accordingly, cross-cultural survey method was employed to assess the standpoints regarding ontology, concepts, methodology, approaches, and experiences. Interviewed people was elected by the purposive method ...
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This study conducted to develop the framework for the establishment of a SIA system in Iran. Accordingly, cross-cultural survey method was employed to assess the standpoints regarding ontology, concepts, methodology, approaches, and experiences. Interviewed people was elected by the purposive method of critical case sampling. Perspectives of scientists (7 people), experts (6 people), politicians (6 people) and NGO members (5 people) were explored and analyzed about seven issues and key concepts including ontology, ontology, stockholders and actors, the orientation and the priorities, regulation and rules issues, the position of universities and research institutes, and implementation level of SIA. Results revealed that there is a positive perceptions toward the effectiveness of SIA in organizing of developments plans, however, there are a few conflicts and dilemma about relationship of SIA with EIA. Some perceived SIA as sub-EIA. It shows a lack of suitable capacity and suitable epistemologies assumptions among national stockholders of sustainable development. Based on findings, a plan consists of five steps was developed. It includes: capacity building, institutional development and equipment, planning, implementation, evaluation. Finally, highlighting capacity building in organizations and institutes which are affected and effected on development plans in different timelines were recommended.
Fatemeh Izadi; Atefeh Chamani; Rasool Zamani Ahmadmahmoodi
Abstract
One of the most important invasive plant species in Iran is the American mesquite tree (Prosopis juliflora) which has taken the control of a large area of south and southeast Iran. The invasive effect of this species is profound such that it is the dominant species in some areas and the only tree ...
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One of the most important invasive plant species in Iran is the American mesquite tree (Prosopis juliflora) which has taken the control of a large area of south and southeast Iran. The invasive effect of this species is profound such that it is the dominant species in some areas and the only tree species in most coastal ecosystems of southern Iran. Regardless of draining underground water as the only source of drinking water for local communities and destroying livestock feed, simplifying the ecosystem to only one tree species is a serious alarm of losing the ecosystem balance and causing serious economic and social effects. Considering the importance of the management of American mesquite trees in the south of Iran, this research investigated the spread of American mesquite trees using satellite image processing.Materials and Methods: Among the 45 identified species of the genus Proposis, few of them, especially the American mesquite, are known as invasive species. This plant is known as the most threatening invasive plant in Europe. In the red list of the International Union for Environmental Protection, American mesquite is mentioned as one of the world’s 100 invasive species threatening. In this study, an area of 1850 km2 between the two cities of Sirik and old Jask was investigated. Pixel-based processing of Landsat 8 satellite images (OLI sensor) was used to extract the tree cover map of the area. The land units (areas covered with similar soil and vegetation characteristics) were produced using the object-oriented processing of Landsat 8 satellite images. Finally, the dominance of American mesquite compared to other trees was calculated in each unit and their canopy density changes were investigated and analyzed using the MODIS vegetation index in a 20-year period. Results: According to the results, 13417 ha of the study area is covered by various trees. The American mesquite tree class was the second largest tree class (3991 ha, 29% of the total tree cover) with a heterogeneous distribution and is often located in areas with light and salty soils along the streams. Areas with a strong predominance of mesquite (more than 60%) accounted for 11% of the area which was mostly located in the central parts of the region. Discussion:The results of the image classification showed that the American mesquite heavily occupied areas are mostly located along the main rivers and channels, extending from the eastern highlands towards the waters of the Strait of Hormuz. Thus, proximity to rivers and waterways can be considered as one of the most important environmental factors affecting the spread of these trees. In areas with a strong dominance of American mesquite trees, it was expected that the plant biomass will increase significantly as observed by their high NDVI values. However, the noteworthy point is the increasing rate of the average values of the NDVI index during the last 20 years in the most dominant units, which is now increasing at a high rate with an average NDVI exceeding 0.5 since 2017. This indicates the increasing spread of the American mesquite in the region and even in the areas that have hosted this invasive species for decades.
Sajedeh Safikhani; Arashk Holisaz
Abstract
Introduction: Laws are reflecting values that are changing and reflect the principles and values of the acceptable in a statehood. The chaptering of the legislation and regulation are one of the most important structural points when drafting the regulation and legislation. Because the principles and ...
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Introduction: Laws are reflecting values that are changing and reflect the principles and values of the acceptable in a statehood. The chaptering of the legislation and regulation are one of the most important structural points when drafting the regulation and legislation. Because the principles and the axes of the environmental regulation and legislation show the most important environmental concerns and problems, and policies and activities of state to prioritize and resolve environmental problems. However, there are fewer studies available about the investigation of the principles and axes of environmental regulation and legislation from a comparative perspective. This article examines the principles and axes in environmental legislation and regulation.
Materials and Methods: The paper follows the method of qualitative content analysis for the definition and determination of the principles and axes of environmental legislation and regulation. In this regard, it used the upstream documents of Iran's and the statements of international conferences for the definition and determination of the principles and axes of environmental legislation and regulation. Such as: the general policies of the system in the sectors of water resources, natural resources and environment, Articles 40, 44, 45, 47, 48 and 50 of the Iran's constitution, declaration of the United Nations conference on the human and environment, declaration of United Nations conference on environment and development, declaration of the agenda 21 and world summit on sustainable development plenary statement. Then, it uses of network analysis method and software of Ucinet and Netdraw in order to show degree centrality and betweenness centrality of the principles and axes.
Results: The results show that the most axes are in the period of the implementation of the Land Reform to the Islamic Revolution (1962-1978) with 29 axes, the eleventh and twelfth governments (2013-2020) with 28 axes, and the victory of the Islamic revolution to the end of the war (1978-1988) with 27 axes. Also, the seventh and eighth governments (1997-2004) with 12 axes and the ninth and tenth governments (2005-2012) with 15 axes have the least axes compared to other periods. All axes are of equal importance in the ninth and tenth governments. In other words, all axes have the same degree centrality (14) and betweenness centrality (0/02). Despite the fact that the principles and axes are different in each period, but the principles of "prioritization and priority right", "pollution", "monitoring and inspection", "investigation of scientific principles", "Economic growth and development" and "participation and cooperation" are common in all governments. In addition, comparing the principles and axes of Iran's environmental regulation and legislation with the principles and axes of international environmental documents shows that most of the axes used in the environmental regulation and legislation of Iran are located in the declarations of the United Nations conference on the human and environment and the United Nations conference on environment and development.
Discussion: Although, Iran's environmental legislation and regulation are affected by acceptance of the statements of international conferences and membership in international organizations, but legislative institutions have a superficial focus on some principles and axes of the statements of international conferences. In other words, legislative institutions add these axes to the text of environmental regulation and legislation in a period of time and delete those at a later period of time. Such as the "evaluation" principle and other principles that directly and indirectly refer to the "evaluation" principle.
Wild Life
Sepideh Yousefi Qaleh Salimi; Mehdi Gholamalifard; Seyed Mahmoud Ghasempouri; Abolfazl Rahbarizadeh
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, natural habitats, especially protected areas, have mostly become fragmented and islanded and have been placed among human uses. Knowing the desirable wildlife habitats and understanding their characteristics is very important. By using the methods of habitat modeling widely ...
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Introduction: In recent years, natural habitats, especially protected areas, have mostly become fragmented and islanded and have been placed among human uses. Knowing the desirable wildlife habitats and understanding their characteristics is very important. By using the methods of habitat modeling widely and without the need to collect the details of the physiological and behavioral characteristics of the species, it is possible to get an estimate of the habitat's desirability for wildlife. Wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and Caspian snowcock (Tetraogallus caspius) are two indicator species of high mountain areas, which are placed in the NT & LC category according to the 2020 and 2016 IUCN Red List, respectively.Materials and Methods: In this research, the habitat desirability of these two species was modeled in the central northern Alborz protected area by using the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method. First, the effective criteria were determined by reviewing the sources and studying the overview of the species, and then using the AHP method, six different weight scenarios were created for each species. Six scenarios were modeled using the weighted linear combination method, and the validation of the model was performed using the ROC index from the comparison of the simulated image and the reference image. The information about the presence of the warbler and the partridge was obtained through field visits and direct observations of the species, the effects left behind such as dung and footprints in the central northern Alborz protected area and was used as a reference image to evaluate the accuracy. Finally, the dependence of the final utility on the criteria was determined using the Pearson's linear correlation coefficient (r). Results: Among the six different weight scenarios for Wild goat and Caspian snowcock, according to the validation results, the second scenario with ROC rate equal to 0.95% for both species was selected as the best weight scenario. The image of the final desirability showed the greatest desirability for both species in the central and southeastern parts of the study area, and based on the results of the linear Pearson correlation coefficient (r), the desirability of the habitat has the greatest dependence on the factors of height, distance from rocky areas and environmental checkpoints. And it is less than the influence of other parameters. Also, Wild goat and Caspian snowcock species have a significant overlap in habitat areas, so that both of them prefer high rocky areas as habitats. Another important factor is the existence of environmental checkpoints, which greatly increases the desirability of the species in this area. Discussion: The present study shows that the Caspian snowcock and Wild goat species of partridge have more suitable habitat conditions in the high mountainous areas, especially in the southeastern and central areas of the central northern Alborz protected area. These areas include rocky heights that are particularly attractive for these species. The distance from the rocky areas and the distance from the environmental checkpoints are also very important and have a significant effect on the habitat desirability of these species. For these species, roads and the construction of human settlements interfere with their habitat, but illegal hunting is also a serious threat to these species. Therefore, to protect these species, measures such as the establishment of environmental checkpoints, restrictions on construction in their habitat areas, promotion of public awareness about the protection of these species and the implementation of strict laws against illegal hunting can be effective.
Mohaddese Fereydooni Gavasaraei; Mona Sorahinobar; khadijeh kiarostami
Abstract
Introduction: The oil industry is an important, job-creating, and feeder industry whose products are used as raw materials for other industries. One of the important environmental problems related to this industry is that oil can leak into the environment during extraction, transfer, refining, and processing. ...
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Introduction: The oil industry is an important, job-creating, and feeder industry whose products are used as raw materials for other industries. One of the important environmental problems related to this industry is that oil can leak into the environment during extraction, transfer, refining, and processing. Environmental oil pollution poses a major threat to the ecosystem and human health. Therefore, the elimination of oil contaminants entering the environment, especially soil, is essential for environmental health. The current study aims to provide general information about phytoremediation and review the latest research on the use of different plants to remove oil pollutants from the environment. Additionally, several plant species with the ability to remove oil pollutants have been introduced.Materials and Methods: To conduct this study, the electronic libraries of Elsevier, Springer, and Science Information Center (SID) were searched using the keywords Phytoremediation, Oil Contamination, Plant Remediation, Oil Pollution, and Oil Pollutant. The sources were analyzed after extraction and subject classification.Results: By exploring the sources of scientific information, 10 review articles were extracted as the core and a total of 99 references were extracted and analyzed. Based on the findings, the use of plants to remove all kinds of pollutants has been introduced as one of the cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods. Among the advantages of phytoremediation, the following were mentioned: The need for small financial investment, the possibility of removing pollutants on site, proper aesthetics, preventing soil erosion, preventing the release of toxic substances, and the possibility of using this method in areas with low pollutant concentrations. According to studies, plants utilize various mechanisms, including phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, phytodegradation, rhizodegradation, or rhizofiltration to remove pollutants from environments. In this study, 12 plants effective in removing heavy metals and 30 plants capable of phytoremediation of oil and related toxic compounds, i.e. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, were introduced. Discussion: Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly method that is based on solar energy. It is economically reasonable and its commercialization is possible. Currently, phytoremediation technology is in its early stages and there are many technical problems to be overcome for its development. Among plants, herbaceous plants because of their high root surface area are efficient in the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Currently, especially in our country, there is an urgent need to discover new plant species with the ability to tolerate and remove environmental pollutants such as oil pollution. It is also necessary to carry out research to optimize plant treatment processes, understand plant–environment interactions, and microbial interactions and finding appropriate equipment to do it. In addition, the use of molecular techniques and the development of transgenic plants to increase the efficiency of the plant to remove toxic materials are expanding. Therefore, genetic engineering is expected to play an important role in increasing the application of plant breeding technologies. Studies on these strategies will be very useful in developing simpler and cost-effective tools for phytoremediation.
Environmental Economics
Mahdieh Rezagholizadeh; Yousef Eisazadeh roshan; Parisa Shahbedini
Abstract
Introduction: Financial development is a process through which the quantity, quality, and efficiency of financial intermediation services are improved. The more the financial system develops, the more financial resources are provided for the development of renewable energy technologies, and as a result, ...
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Introduction: Financial development is a process through which the quantity, quality, and efficiency of financial intermediation services are improved. The more the financial system develops, the more financial resources are provided for the development of renewable energy technologies, and as a result, it can have positive environmental impacts by changing the energy supply mix and reducing pollutant emissions. Financial development can affect the level of CO2 emissions and environmental quality through its impact on economic growth, capital attraction, industrial activities, energy efficiency, technological innovation, investment costs in projects, increased use of renewable energy sources, financial provision, and allocation of credit for renewable energy projects.The importance of utilizing renewable energy sources and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on one hand, and the need for financial resources and large-scale investments for renewable energy projects on the other, highlights the role and significance of financial development in the level of environmental pollution through CO2 emissions. Therefore, considering the role and importance of financial development in the value of CO2 emissions as a criterion for environmental pollution and the significance of examining this relationship at the provincial level, this study investigates the relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions in the provinces of Iran and at the end, will test the environmental Kuznets hypothesis.Materials and Methods: This study uses the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method to investigate the relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions in the provinces of Iran during the period of 2009-2021 and answers the question of whether financial development in the provinces of Iran is environmentally friendly (Green) or not. In order to investigate the difference in the relationship between financial development and carbon dioxide emissions at the level of the country's provinces, all provinces are divided into two categories of developed and less developed provinces based on the report of the Economic Statistics Research Group of Iran Statistics Center (2022).In this study, in order to investigate the impact of financial development and other independent variables on carbon dioxide emissions, a Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method is used to analyze the coefficients. For this purpose, the following model is considered:CO2it=αi+β1FDit+β2GDPit+β3EIit+β4URBit+ɛit (1)Where:CO2it: Carbon dioxide emissions in each provinceFDit: Composite index of financial developmentGDPit: Real per capita gross domestic product of the provincesEIit: Energy intensityURBit: Urbanization rateAlso, in the following, in order to test the Kuznets hypothesis in the studied provinces, model (1) is specified as model (2):CO2it=αi+β1FDit+β2FD2it+β3GDPit+β4EIit+β5URBit (2)Where:FD2it: The square of financial development. Results: The results of the estimation of models indicate that in both groups of provinces in the country, financial development is positively significantly associated with carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, energy intensity, gross domestic product, and urbanization rate are also found to be positively and significantly related to carbon dioxide emissions. The results suggest that financial development may initially lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, but with further development, this effect is reversed, resulting in a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. This finding confirms the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory in the studied provinces during the period under investigation.Discussion: The estimation results indicate that financial development in the provinces of Iran will lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, further investigations confirm the validity of the Kuznets relationship in the provinces of Iran, meaning that in the initial stages of development, the impact of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions will be positive, but over time this relationship becomes negative, leading to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.
Environmental Education
Volume 1, Issue 57 , January 0, , Pages 19-26
Abstract
This study is done in order to educational needs assessment of teachers in field schools of Ahvaz Environmental Protection. Study is descriptive-survey. Samples includes 108 teachers (54men and 54women) which were selected random and based on Morgan table. Tools Questionnaire of researcher was made in ...
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This study is done in order to educational needs assessment of teachers in field schools of Ahvaz Environmental Protection. Study is descriptive-survey. Samples includes 108 teachers (54men and 54women) which were selected random and based on Morgan table. Tools Questionnaire of researcher was made in environment field which was made by shabina (2009). Analysis of data was done by SPSS software. Significant difference between variables was used t-test and analyse variance (ANOVA) and relationship between variables Pearson correlation. Results of study showed that environmental information of teachers was average and in biodiversity, energy and natural resources parts was weak, also there is not significant difference between environmental information and gender of teachers however difference between field of study and environmental information of teachers is significant. There is not relationship between educations with environmental education of them.
Behnaz Yazarloo; Ali Shahidi; MohammadReza Farzaneh
Abstract
Introduction: In the present age, the issues and challenges of water crisis are at the center of attention of human life. To solve these crises, recent environmental policies have focused on encouraging pro-environmental behaviors and the determining factors of this behavior. Considering that one of ...
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Introduction: In the present age, the issues and challenges of water crisis are at the center of attention of human life. To solve these crises, recent environmental policies have focused on encouraging pro-environmental behaviors and the determining factors of this behavior. Considering that one of the reasons for this crisis is the lack of human knowledge in the sustainable management of resources, therefore, the present research aims to contribute in the explanation and prediction of cooperative use behavior of water resources by Investigating the rich experiences of a successful case study in the field of water consumption local management by focusing on the knowledge component.Materials & Methods: The theoretical framework of the research is the modify theory of planned behavior (MTPB) with an emphasis on the local knowledge component. This descriptive research was conducted using a survey method and a questionnaire among two groups of drinking and agricultural users in Toshan and Galand villages in Golestan province. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires have been confirmed using the Content Validity Ratio and Cronbach's alpha test. According to the research objectives, SPSS software was used for the statistical analysis of the questionnaires. In the following, structural equation modeling using Smart PLS software has been used for the simultaneous analysis of causal relationships between variables and the degree of conformity of the conceptual model with experimental observations.Results: The results of the statistical analysis show that the environmental knowledge of the users about water issues in the region is higher than the expected average, and this means that the level of cooperative behavior in the study area is high. Also, according to the Stone-Geisser scale, the structural model has a good structural quality in all cases. Investigating the structural part of the model by Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR) shows the appropriate reliability and convergent validity of the MTPB model. Also, the value of the R2 coefficient shows that in total, the variables of the modify model explain 92, 93, 74 and 79% of the behavior of the users of Toshan drinking, Galand drinking, Toshan agriculture and Galand agriculture, respectively, in relation to local participation in the use of water resources. Regarding the structural paths of the model, the results indicate that all components have a positive and significant effect on the variable of behavioral intention. Also, according to the obtained path coefficients, a positive and significant relationship has been observed between knowledge and attitude with the behavior of cooperative use of water resources, which confirms the hypothesis of the research and shows that the users have a positive attitude towards the cooperative behavior of water conservation in all cases.Discussion: According to the field experiences in the study area, the participation of stakeholders in the use of water resources facilitates the work by sharing environmental knowledge in cases where there are conflicts regarding the use of water. Adding the knowledge component, has not shown significant differences in improving behavior prediction between different cases of consumption. Of course, the results show that knowledge can be effective as a prerequisite for engaging in cooperative behavior. It should be noted that the results show that drinking water users, with a slight difference compared to agricultural users, have a greater behavioral intention to accept cooperative management of water resources.
Volume 1, Issue 57 , January 0, , Pages 27-32
Abstract
Environmental pollution and the role of chemical reactions in these pollutions caused the chemists to design chemical methods without pollution. In this regard, “Green Chemistry” defines the classification and principals in order to this aim. Green Chemistry that has been suggested by Paul ...
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Environmental pollution and the role of chemical reactions in these pollutions caused the chemists to design chemical methods without pollution. In this regard, “Green Chemistry” defines the classification and principals in order to this aim. Green Chemistry that has been suggested by Paul Anastas, means invention, design, production and usage of synthesis productions and procedures in order to reduce or eliminate the use or product of toxic substances. Also Green Chemistry is caused to prevent or reduce the resource pollutions and has an important role in achieve the sustainable development of human society. Some principals of Green Chemistry are the use of renewable resources, reducing the number of process steps, increasing energy efficiency, design the materials and chemical products, increase the efficiency of chemical processes, and the use of raw materials with low-risk. Nowadays, the chemical-based technologies as a new and efficient approach have been attached. This paper tried to investigate and study of important growing methods of green solvents.
Shahram Mohammadzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: The concept “social capital” was proposed by experts after the topic of “sustainable development” was raised in the last decades of the 20th century. The central concept of social capital is that social interactions create social networks, strengthen trust, form ...
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Introduction: The concept “social capital” was proposed by experts after the topic of “sustainable development” was raised in the last decades of the 20th century. The central concept of social capital is that social interactions create social networks, strengthen trust, form values, support norms and culture, and create community. Social capital and its components influence many people's views, attitudes and behaviors of environmental protection. Environmental protection behavior is also called pro-environmental behavior. The purpose of this research is to measure the amount of social capital of farmers and its effect on their Pro-Environmental Behavioral Tendencies (PEBT). The purpose of this research is to measure the extent of social capital of farmers and its effect on their PEBT.
Materials and methods: This research was done with a quantitative paradigm and survey method. The statistical population included all farmers of Urmia, 184 of them were selected by random sampling. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by 4 related faculty members of Urmia University and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.75 to 0.83). Data were collected by interview technique and analyzed with SPSS version 26 software and by using one-sample and two-sample t tests, regression modeling and path analysis.
Results: The findings showed that in overall, the extent of social capital among farmers is lower than average. The results of the components of social capital also showed that internal social capital includeing, trust in the internal society, social cohesion, participation and interaction with the internal society (internal relations network) were significantly higher than the average, but external social capital including, trust in the external society, trust in public, civil, and private institutions, and the interaction of the villagers with the external society (external relations network) is significantly lower than the average. Overwhelming majority (95%) of farmers had destructive environmental behavioral tendencies. The variables of trust in social institutions, external relations network, the educational levels of farmers and their children (ELFCH), and using extension publications and the Internet have a significant positive relationship, and the variables of age and number of children have a significant negative relationship with PEBT. In addition, the level of PEBT among urban farmers with non-agricultural occupations is higher than rural farmers with agricultural occupations. The variables of the external relations network and ELFCH, explain more than 15% of the changes in farmers' PEBT, and the two variables of ELFCH play a moderating role.
Discussion: Based on the results, it is suggested that the agricultural governmental and non-govermental organizations put transparency and accountability and fight against corruption in their work priorities in order to strengthen trust and social capital. By making policies, creating a suitable market for organic products and formulating suitable mechanisms, the agricultural governmental organization should drive the behavior of farmers towards pro-environmental behavior. At the same time, using extension channels, agricultural extension officiers should try to provide more information and training, especially for the elderly farmers, and do not forget this group because most of these farmers are subsistence, small-scale and traditional farmers, and extension training should be a priority for this group. Finally, the development of human resources in rural areas should continue at a faster pace so that by improving the education level of farmers, their behaviors will be directed towards environmentally friendly behaviors.
Ecosystem Management
Pantea Lotfi; Mozhgan Ahmadi Nadoushan
Abstract
Introduction: Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurs almost in most regions of the world, and due to its relationship with agricultural products and water resources, it is considered as one of the most important issues in environmental sciences. The effects of this phenomenon are greater in arid ...
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Introduction: Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurs almost in most regions of the world, and due to its relationship with agricultural products and water resources, it is considered as one of the most important issues in environmental sciences. The effects of this phenomenon are greater in arid and semi-arid regions due to their less annual rainfall. In contrast to traditional methods, the use of remote sensing techniques and satellite images has been considered as a useful tool for agricultural drought monitoring. The main objective of this study is to investigate changes in agricultural land use using normalized vegetation difference index and satellite images.Materials and Methods: In this study, Landsat satellite images were used to investigate the trend of agricultural land use changes in the Zayandeh Rood catchment during 1984-2023. To do this study, the normalized plant difference index was used for each year. Since various patterns of cultivation with different time differences are present in the study area during a year, it is not possible to use a selected image as the basis of a year, on the contrary, it is necessary to examine different images for different times of the year. To identify and specify the set of all the pixels that have gone under the cultivation surface in one crop year. Since this process would be very time-consuming, an innovative approach was used. First, in the Google Earth Engine system, all the annual Landsat images were called year by year. Then, the images with cloud cover were removed and the maximum filter was applied to the bands of the remaining images. Then, the normalized vegetation difference index of new annual images was created and by applying a threshold of 0.2, agricultural lands were separated from other lands. The extent of agricultural land was calculated in each year and the linear regression model was used to identify the change process. In other words, the extent of agricultural land was used as a dependent variable and time was used as an independent parameter on an annual scale.Results: The extent of agricultural land in 1984 was about 25 thousand hectares, which with a decreasing trend over time reached 21700 and 15180 hectares in 1994 and 2014, and finally reached its lowest value in 1401. It has reached 11.250 hectares. This trend shows a 55% reduction in the abandonment of agricultural land at this point in time. Also, the value of the normalized plant difference index in agricultural lands has experienced a decreasing trend over time, which indicates the change in the cultivation pattern towards low-density crops with low biomass such as wheat.Discussion: The results of the changes in the extent of agricultural use in the study area showed a decreasing pattern, so, there has been a loss of agricultural land, which is consistent with the decreasing pattern of the water level of the Zayandeh Rood watershed. This phenomenon can be directly attributed to the reduction of water resources in the region. In the last decade, the amount of water allocated to carry out agricultural activities in this region has decreased a lot due to the water volume of the Zayandeh Rood watershed approaching critical limits.
Ghasem Azadi Ahmadabadi; Sajedeh Abdi; Aboozar Ramezani
Abstract
Introduction: The new approach to the environment in the current century and considering it as a part of the national capital of countries, the need to preserve it by using clean technologies such as biological technology has become the most important concern of mankind in the present century. In the ...
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Introduction: The new approach to the environment in the current century and considering it as a part of the national capital of countries, the need to preserve it by using clean technologies such as biological technology has become the most important concern of mankind in the present century. In the third chapter of the country's comprehensive scientific map document, which is dedicated to the country's science and technology priorities, in its first priority in the technology sector, "environmental technologies" have been proposed and called for directing funds, guiding the educational system, and reforming and renewing structures and processes. It is for the rapid growth of this field. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the scientific, economic and social effects of the researches carried out in the field of environment in order to clearly reflect the current situation of the said field in Iran.Materials & Methods: The present research is of applied type and has been carried out using quantitative and scientific approach. The research community has been 10268 articles from the Scopus database in the field of environment during the years 2012 to 2021, which by using library methods for the purpose of theoretical foundations and retrospective bibliometric analysis, scientific researches in the field of environment in terms of the publication process of articles, It studies the status of patent citations and the status of readers in different social network platforms. Also, in order to check the amount of reflection of articles in social media, the data of Altmetrics database was used and the data obtained from that database was analyzed statistically in SPSS software. In the field of inferential data analysis, Spearman's correlation test has been used in this software.Results: The findings showed that the highest publication of scientific productions in 2021, the highest citation to scientific productions in the field of "environment" in 2018, and the highest impact of citation with normalized weight belong to the years 2021 and 2019. Also, the highest and lowest citation weight points are related to the years 2021 and 2014. In addition, the utilization of researches in order to create environmental products in 2012 has been much better than other years in the examined decade, and the number of patents granted in 2012 (the first year of the examined decade) to scientific and Iran's research in the field of biotechnology is also more than the other years under review, and this difference is due to the use of the mentioned scientific products by a large number of patents, which makes them visible. The highest level of reflection of the environment in social networks belonged to Mendeley software, Dimension citation, user tweets, news media and Facebook, respectively.Discution: In order to increase economic growth and support and protect patent rights in the field of environment, provision of necessary fields such as laws and regulations and other necessary infrastructures should be included in the country's economic policy agenda. From another point of view, the exact attribution of technological advances to studies and researches is also a difficult and complicated task. Global systems that are dedicated to monitoring scientific activities published at the international level have tried to follow the connections made between researches and patents and to some extent determine their impact and economic effectiveness. In any case, it is difficult and almost impossible to provide accurate and objective data about which of the researches in the field of environment has been economically successful.
Environmental Education
Mahboubeh SoleymanPourOmran; Alireza Nouri
Volume 4, Issue 65 , January 0, , Pages 25-36
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between green management and managers and assistans' bioenvironmental behaviors in junior high school of Esfrayen on1393 – 94. This research applies descriptive scrolling and correlation sorting. Managers and their assistants of junior ...
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The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between green management and managers and assistans' bioenvironmental behaviors in junior high school of Esfrayen on1393 – 94. This research applies descriptive scrolling and correlation sorting. Managers and their assistants of junior high school in Esfarayen, 200 people, constitute the statistical society of this study.Sample size was randomely chosen based on Morgan–Chart (127 out of 200). A researcher made questioner which has 49 items is used for green management variable, and a standard questioner of Salehi and Salehi Omran (1388) which has 41 items, is used for bioenvironmental behavior. The reliability of the questionnaires was accepted by professors, and Chronbakh's alpha ratio was used to estimate the consistency of the questioners. Consistency of first questioner was 0/95 and second one was 0/97. Collected data using descriptive statistic exams and illustrative statistics were used to study the relationship between hypotheses of the research. Research findings indicate that there is a meaningful relationship between green management and bioenvironmental behavior of managers and their assistants in junior high school of Esfarayen (correlation coefficient of 0/694 and level of meaningfullness of %5), but there is not a meaningful relationship between energy index and bioenvironmental behavior of managers and their assistants in junior high school of Esfarayen.Conclusion: if we increase green management and different aspects of it among managers and their assistants of junior high school of Esfarayen, we can improve bioenvironmental behavior.
Sustainable Development
Volume 1, Issue 57 , January 0, , Pages 33-46
Abstract
The ecological footprint is a tool that offers comprehensive comparison of demand and supply of natural resources, has stated objectives and strategies useful in preventing damage and material inequalities, and institutional decisions will lead to the correct duct. This is a descriptive study and sample ...
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The ecological footprint is a tool that offers comprehensive comparison of demand and supply of natural resources, has stated objectives and strategies useful in preventing damage and material inequalities, and institutional decisions will lead to the correct duct. This is a descriptive study and sample of this research is Sari that related data to determine the parameters of the ecological footprint of water and energy (electricity and petrol and gas oil and natural gas) is obtained by referring to the authorities and quantitative analysis of 1393. In this study, we tried to be answered this question: Is Sari ecological environment, can meet the basic needs of the population in the provision of water and energy? The results show that the EF Sari 0.735 acres of water and energy has been, that the share electricity consumption by 0.53 largest and lowest share among other things, the use of natural gas in the 0.0053 hectares per person respectively. Since the biological capacity of Iran is 0.8 hectares, So ecological footprint is dedicated 0.735 hectares of Sari means 0.83 times greater than their share in the country's capacity to make life bearable, And with the current trend of consumption of water and energy resources needed to meet of Sari space more than 73 times its current size, and space is needed more than 0.8 of the area.
Tahereh Nikpoor; Aliasgher Keya; Mohammad Reza Rasouli
Abstract
Introduction: The emergence of the industrial revolution today has put the world on the verge of facing environmental crises, which is one of the most fundamental global problems, and facing it as a collective effort requires creating an environmental attitude in society. One of the areas that are heavily ...
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Introduction: The emergence of the industrial revolution today has put the world on the verge of facing environmental crises, which is one of the most fundamental global problems, and facing it as a collective effort requires creating an environmental attitude in society. One of the areas that are heavily influenced by social media is the environment. The existence of virtual media acts as a catalyst that promotes environmental goals and social network users, especially an increasing number of them are young generations, and online activities are part of their daily lives. As the main custodians of environmental protection, it has entered this cycle.The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of information and social participation of social media on environmental learning and environmental awareness.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with a descriptive method of correlation and relying on the structural equation model. Also, this study was applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study included all users active in social networks related to environmental issues, and according to the random sampling method, 230 people were selected as a statistical sample. The tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire including social media capabilities and dimensions of information and social participation and learning and environmental awareness, which was used after confirming construct validity and reliability through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The analysis, test of the presented model and study hypotheses were done using the structural equation method.Results: The findings of this study showed the positive effects of information and social participation of social media tools on learning environmental issues and environmental awareness among social network users. Also, in this study, the role of environmental learning on raising awareness of environmental issues was also confirmed.Discussion: According to the results of this study, organizations and institutions active in preserving the environment should pay attention to the role of social media in order to educate and promote environmental culture.
Biodiversity & Biosafety
Reihaneh Saberi Pirooz; Faraham Ahmadzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: The Caspian Hyrcanian forests are a habitat with ancient growth of temperate broadleaf trees that spread along the Alborz Mountain range's northern slopes and near the southern borders of the Caspian Sea. However, human activities have significantly reduced forest cover, and identifying ...
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Introduction: The Caspian Hyrcanian forests are a habitat with ancient growth of temperate broadleaf trees that spread along the Alborz Mountain range's northern slopes and near the southern borders of the Caspian Sea. However, human activities have significantly reduced forest cover, and identifying species diversity, forest structure, and human manipulations in Hyrcanian forests have received less attention. Macroinvertebrates are the main part of soil biodiversity in forests. Earthworms are one of the main components of soil biodiversity in forests and are one of the most valuable indicators of soil health and a vital component of soil fauna. Nevertheless, studying earthworms based on their morphological features poses various challenges. To overcome these challenges, DNA barcoding has emerged as a valuable tool extensively employed in biodiversity research. The study aims to use molecular approaches to identify earthworms and their diversity and compare the communities of these animals between natural and planted forests in the Hyrcanian region.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the central part of the Caspian Hyrcanian forests. The research was done in three locations, with two planted and two natural areas in each location. Within each area, a total of six quadrats were randomly placed to collect samples. Subsequently, the samples were classified based on their morphological characteristics. A total of 251 earthworm samples were collected, and 22 individuals were then selected for genetic studies using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit one (COI) gene after doing morphological sorting. The samples were initially kept in 96% ethanol for genetic studies to long-term storage. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were then performed to investigate the diversity of earthworms and compare their communities between planted and natural areas and three locations. Results: Based on genetic studies, 15 taxonomic units of earthworm were identified in the study area of the Hyrcanian forests. The research findings indicate that the abundance and total number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) in natural and planted areas are almost the same. The results of univariate statistical analysis (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis (PERMANOVA) did not show any significant difference for earthworms between natural and planted habitats.Discussion: The study demonstrates that the utilization of barcoding techniques yields more accurate results; however, the establishment of a comprehensive DNA reference library is necessary to enhance the precision of species classification. Despite finding no significant differences in earthworm communities between natural and planted forests, notable distinctions were detected among the three studied locations. This suggests that the dependence of earthworms on planted forests is contingent upon specific characteristics, soil conditions, and management practices. Moreover, the results show that earthworms are known for their ability to adapt to a wide range of environments. It is anticipated that secondary forests, which have been established for over two decades, will provide sufficient time for the restoration of earthworm populations, contributing to overall ecosystem recovery. The significance of this knowledge lies in its contribution to the sustainable preservation and effective administration of forests, particularly the Hyrcanian forests, which represent an ancient and invaluable ecosystem.
Zahra Nouri; mohsen Niazi
Abstract
Introduction: The environment and the necessity of protecting it, is one of the issues that has been considered by many scholars and experts in different fields of science in the present era, the environment is one of the dimensions of achieving sustainable development, and what is evident to everyone ...
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Introduction: The environment and the necessity of protecting it, is one of the issues that has been considered by many scholars and experts in different fields of science in the present era, the environment is one of the dimensions of achieving sustainable development, and what is evident to everyone is the lack of life of human societies without having a healthy environment, there are different approaches to the subject of the environment, including the environmentalist-centered approach and Human-centered approach. . The first approach puts the environment at the center of its attention and considers the necessity of protecting it to all. The second approach, which is related to the utilitarian approach, considers the environment in the service of human beings and any rights, including the rights of animals, plants, etc. The first approach leads to the formation of laws to protect the environment. Such laws are planned, enacted and communicated based on the norms and values and the extent of the importance of the issue from the viewpoints of strategists and legislators of each country and are implemented by the enforcers of the laws. In the meantime, some environmental crimes are committed that have irreparable effects on the environment, but are not criminalized by criminologists and perpetrators are never held accountable or punished. These crimes, which are categorized as human rights crimes, are considered sociologically. Environmental crimes are varied based on geographical location, culture and actions of individuals and vary in every society. Identifying cultural and social factors related to crimes committed by people in the community helps community authorities to prevent crimes and achieve a healthy environment to improve the health and quality of life of citizens. The present study aimed to investigate the social and cultural factors of committing environmental crimes by Kashani citizens.Materials and methods: The present study is conducted by quantative method, using questionnaire technique. At first, existing standard questionnaires and a researcher-made questionnaire on environmental crimes were distributed among Kashani respondents who were selected by multi-step cluster sampling method using Cronbach's alpha. The number of samples was estimated to be 358 using Cochrane method, which was upgraded to 481 samples for more accuracy, after collecting data, they were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 and finally the conceptual model of the research was tested using AMOS software.Results: The results of this study indicate that national identity with 0/35, urban identity 0/28, social capital 0/27, cultural capital 0/38, religiosity 0/12, environmental awareness 0/33 and citizenship culture 0/56 have a meaningul and negative affect on environmental crimes. With a path coefficient of -0/56, the highest coefficient of direct path and national identity with a coefficient of 0/92 had the highest indirect effect on committing environmental crimes. In the present study, the GFI, AGFI, CFI, and NFI goodness of fit indices were reported to be more than 0/90, which indicates the appropriate fit of the research model.Discussion: In this regard, citizenship culture and national identity have a significant role in reducing environmental crimes with the highest direct and indirect effects, respectively. As a result, with the participation of the people of the society as much as possible in the activities related to the city and increasing their responsibilities in relation to the city where they live, besides, identifying and consolidating the national identity by the decision makares and law enforcers, constructive steps can be taken in order to reduce environmental crimes.
Environmental Education
Volume 1, Issue 57 , January 0, , Pages 47-56
Abstract
The environment watch assistance course (Mohit-Yar) was held with the aim of enhancing of environmental knowledge of primary students by the department of environment. The main purpose of this study was to the analysis of Mohit-Yar courses in the Ahvaz city. The present study is experimental and practical. ...
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The environment watch assistance course (Mohit-Yar) was held with the aim of enhancing of environmental knowledge of primary students by the department of environment. The main purpose of this study was to the analysis of Mohit-Yar courses in the Ahvaz city. The present study is experimental and practical. All of the primary students were considered as the statistical population which a sample of 1325 students from 2 groups of trained and untrained (control group) was selected randomly. The present study has been done in two separate phase. The first phase was done with the purpose of determining overall educational situation and investigation of educational content. In the second phase investigated the environment knowledge of students with using researcher-made questionnaire on the basis of educational content. The second phase data were analyzed using SPSS (V20). The results showed that between environment knowledge means of the control group and trained group there is a significant difference. The result of chi-square test confirmed the relationship between environmental levels of knowledge and experimental groups, which indicating the high success of the training course on the enhancing of the environmental knowledge level of primary school students.
Environment Assessment
Fatemeh Mohammadyari; Mohsen Tavakoli
Abstract
Introduction: Cultural ecosystem services, as one of the components of ecosystem services, are intangible human benefits from ecosystems that play a fundamental role in promoting human well-being. Rapid changes in land use with damage to ecological assets in the Ilam urban watershed have reduced the ...
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Introduction: Cultural ecosystem services, as one of the components of ecosystem services, are intangible human benefits from ecosystems that play a fundamental role in promoting human well-being. Rapid changes in land use with damage to ecological assets in the Ilam urban watershed have reduced the capacity of ecosystem services, including aesthetic quality. Therefore, the evaluation of the supply of aesthetic ecosystem service, which shows the biological diversity in urban areas and favorable conditions for life, is considered essential for inclusion in the improvement plans of Ilam city in line with appropriate management measures. In this vein, in the current research, an integrated approach to prepare an aesthetic map with the aim of showing the spatial distribution of the supply of aesthetic services in the Ilam urban watershed has been presented, the results of which can greatly influence planning and managerial decisions regarding future development towards urban sustainability by preserving natural ecosystems.Materials and Methods: Spatial distribution of providing aesthetic ecosystem services in Ilam urban watershed using 12 visual and ecological criteria including: slope, Elevation, geomorphology, land use, habitat characteristics, visibility of various areas, visibility of roads, visibility of residential areas, visibility of the river, visibility of the park, type and density of vegetation were investigated. To prepare visibility layers, Viewshed function was used in TerrSet Idrisi software. Then, the input layers were integrated using fuzzy membership functions and using the weighted linear combination method in the ArcGIS 10.8 system. Among the multi-criteria decision-making methods, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to prioritize the criteria.Results: Based on the results of the hierarchical analysis process and according to the results of the experts Among the input criteria, visibility of the river, type of vegetation and visibility of diverse areas were assigned the most weight with values of 0.14, 0.127 and 0.116 respectively. On the other hand, the least importance and weight was observed in the measure of road visibility. Based on the final map of aesthetic quality, the best quality of this service is in the parts of the north, east, southeast and west of the Ilam urban watershed, where these places have the best visibility of the river, visibility of various areas, high to medium altitude and with dominant forest cover.Discussion: The results of this study showed, that areas with forest cover and areas with human uses have the highest and lowest capacity of this service in the study area, respectively, which denotes the importance of natural green uses compared to artificial uses and human-made is in providing aesthetic service. These results indicate that the capacity of the watershed ecosystem of Ilam city in providing aesthetic services varies in different places and is influenced by various factors, especially topographic changes and land use patterns. That is to say, prevent land use change is an important factor for maintaining ecosystem services. Because the land use Changes pattern affects the capacity of the ecosystem to produce goods and services. The results of this research also, by presenting the spatial distribution model of aesthetic service potential can be useful for decision makers, managers and urban planners in order to monitor and protect aesthetic values and it is important and useful to adopt urban landscape management strategies and plans in the landscape of the studied area.
kazem aminzadeh; Sadegh Bakhtiari; Saeed Daei-Karimzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Over a long period of time, there can be a direct correlation between economic growth and environmental quality, a negative correlation, or a combination of the two. Many studies and research have been conducted on this topic (the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality). ...
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Introduction: Over a long period of time, there can be a direct correlation between economic growth and environmental quality, a negative correlation, or a combination of the two. Many studies and research have been conducted on this topic (the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality). In the field of sustainability economics, one of the most significant debates involves the effects of economic growth on the environment. Currently, fossil fuels are being used more and more intensively due to the industrialization of our societies. The combustion of these fuels results in the emission of a wide range of toxic and hazardous substances. This has a detrimental effect on the environment, including global warming and climate change. As a result of this study, three different forms of real GDP per capita have been examined: an inverted U shape, an N shape, and a combination of each of these three shapes. In terms of the volume of pollutants emitted from the industrial sector, the power of two and the power of three were calculated for 12 industrial provinces of the country during the period of 1376-1399 using the long-term panel econometric method of dynamic least squares. The results of the estimations are such that the environmental assumptions of Kuznets are valid for all three pollutants. In addition, an increase in real GDP per capita is associated with an increase in pollution. After reaching the maximum, the amount of pollution decreased. Finally, with a further increase in production, the rate of pollution decreased. According to the DOLS technique, the upward trend of increasing pollution continues, and the N-shaped curve has been confirmed by specifying the second and third-degree relationships of economic growth in 12 industrial provinces during the specified period by using the DOLS technique.Materials and Methods: The first objective of this study is to investigate the mean of the variables using panel unit root tests. After that, with the Kao cointegration test, we determine whether or not there is a cointegration relationship between the variables. To conclude, the coefficients of variables have been estimated using the fully modified least squares method and dynamic least squares.Results: An inverted U and an N shape of GDP were examined in three different ways; at first glance, the power of two and the power of three affected pollution levels in the industry sector. Using long-term panel econometric methods of dynamic least squares, 12 industrial provinces between 1376 and 1399 will be examined for carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide. In all three cases, the estimation results are such that Kuznets' assumptions about the environment are valid.Discussion: As a result of the estimation of the models using the DOLS method in the investigation of Kuznets' environmental curve, and by specifying economic growth relationships at the second and third degree in 12 industrial provinces in the country during the selected period, the N-shaped curve has been confirmed. The inclusion of the urbanization variable in the model has led to an increasing correlation between pollution and urbanization. The consumption of fossil fuels has increased as a result of urbanization, resulting in a rise in air pollution. In the ascending part of the Kuznets environmental curve, Iran is clearly in the first stage of pollution. Furthermore, it is at the beginning of the relationship between production and pollution. Additionally, we will witness long-term pollution accumulation in the environment as pollution in Iran continues to grow at a positive rate.
Marine Environment
Mostafa Bahrebar; Mohammad Mansour Tootooni; Mehran Loghmani
Abstract
Introduction: Chitons are marine molluscs, mostly grazers, resistant to tidal conditions and often living in crevices of rocks. The Oman Sea is located in the southeast of Iran and the northwest of the Indian Ocean and is heavily influenced by the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean. Due to the occurrence ...
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Introduction: Chitons are marine molluscs, mostly grazers, resistant to tidal conditions and often living in crevices of rocks. The Oman Sea is located in the southeast of Iran and the northwest of the Indian Ocean and is heavily influenced by the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean. Due to the occurrence of the monsoon process, the Makoran Sea has a rich variety of marine species, including molluscs. The aim of the present research was to investigate the density and distribution of Acanthopleura vaillantii in the beaches of Pozm, Konarak, Tis, Kolbe Ghawasi, Darya Bozorg and Ramin in winter 2018 and summer 2019.Materials and Methods: In this study, the density and distribution of A. vaillantii was investigated in transects perpendicular to the sea and in the tidal zone, using a quadrat (1*1 m2). in the tidal zone of six stations on the coasts of Pozm, Konarak, Tis, Kolbe Ghavasi, Darya Bozorg and Ramin. A number of samples in each station were taken to the laboratory to measure biological parameters such as length, total wet weight, soft tissue moisture content, tissue moisture percentage and dry weight percentage. In each station, physical and chemical factors of water (temperature-salinity and acidity) were measured and recorded by WTW device. Results: Investigations showed that the highest average density in the winter of 2018 was in Ramin station and was equal to 11.27 ± 1.46 m2. In total, Ramin station had the highest average density in winter and summer with a value of 19.15 ± 2.67 m2. Also, the lowest average density was related to the diving hut station in summer and the first transect of the lower part of the tide, which was not recorded due to the presence of a sandy bed. In total, the average density for two seasons was 0.85 ± 0.26 m2 at the Kolbeh ghavasi station. Also, the statistical test showed a significant difference between the stations (P<0.05). The biological parameters showed that in Tis station, in winter and summer respectively, the maximum average length was 53.56±4.25 and 58.2±4.53 mm, weight was 23.19±7.43 and 22.8±51. 28.28 grams and at the Kolbeh ghavasi station for winter, the lowest average length was 32 ± 2.14 mm and weight was 2.99 ± 0.85 grams. In the Big Darya station, for summer, the lowest average length and weight were 43.44 ± 4.21 mm and 16.53 ± 4.89 grams, respectively. Discussion: According to the results of other researchers, Tis station has high biodiversity, but the results of the present study showed that in this station, A. vaillantii samples had more weight and length despite the lower density (probably due to competition). Also, there was more density and distribution in the crevices of rocks and tidal pools with algal cover and temperature of 22 to 26 degrees Celsius.
MOHAMMAD SHAHMOHAMMADI; Yarmohammad Bay; PARVANEH Kiani
Abstract
Introduction: Air pollution is a crisis that many countries around the world are currently facing. The city of Tehran has been facing the problem of air pollution for a long time and its solution has become one of the important social demands and has found international dimensions. The phenomenon of ...
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Introduction: Air pollution is a crisis that many countries around the world are currently facing. The city of Tehran has been facing the problem of air pollution for a long time and its solution has become one of the important social demands and has found international dimensions. The phenomenon of air pollution in Tehran has been affecting Tehran for many years, and in the past several years, with the arrival of the cold and winter season, the residents of the capital face a serious problem, and despite all the measures taken to prevent pollution, we still see days when schools are closed and the plan of even and odd cars also continues; but pollution is strongly standing. The results of previous studies indicate the influence of various factors including geographical factors, natural features of the city, temperature inversion and industrial pollutants in air pollution.The purpose of this study is to provide a model for individuals with air pollution in Tehran.Materials and Methods: The current research is applied in terms of the type and purpose of the research, and descriptive-analytical in terms of the data collection method. In this research, after identifying the factors affecting the air pollution of Tehran city, using the opinion of relevant experts, the researcher has used the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique to level and interpret the conceptual relationships of the mentioned indicators. By reviewing the research literature and taking the opinion of experts, the issue is identified in the form of six indicators (temperature inversion, geographical-climatic location, pollution of factories and refineries, low quality of vehicles and fuel consumption, low green space per capita, high population density of Tehran) Took; Then, a structured matrix questionnaire was developed to determine the interrelationships of these indicators. The data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using interpretive structural modeling and plotted on five levels in an interactive network.Results: The results of this research showed that both industrial factors and climatic factors can be effective on air pollution in Tehran. According to result of the modeling, "pollution of factories and refineries" index was at the highest level. Therefore, transferring factories in the city and preventing the construction of new factories in the city as a solution can help reduce air pollution in Tehran.Discussion: When a temperature inversion occurs, the air becomes stable and particles accumulate in the range of the inversion layer and increase the intensity of air pollution. Regarding the pollution of factories and refineries, most of the processes that produce air pollution in industries, after the heating process, are dedicated to the process of combining materials, and air pollutants in the form of smoke and suspended particles include the most cases. Also, the combustion process in the engine of old and low-quality cars is not done well, and this is the main reason for the production of carbon monoxide. Climate controls the pollution conditions of Tehran city through changing its elements such as temperature, precipitation, pressure and wind. Also, compared to the big cities of the world and their population, Tehran is ranked 120 to 130 in terms of size, but in terms of density per square kilometer, it is ranked between 25 and 30. This means that in this city, the population has accumulated more than the ecological capacity and urban area, which causes crises such as air pollution.
Environmental Law
Sajedeh Safikhani; Arashk Holisaz
Abstract
The investigation of the causes of the failure of the environmental policies of the state requires first cognition from the evolution of environmental statehood. Ioris (2014) by focusing on the politico-philosophical approaches shows that during the last century, three different environmental statehoods ...
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The investigation of the causes of the failure of the environmental policies of the state requires first cognition from the evolution of environmental statehood. Ioris (2014) by focusing on the politico-philosophical approaches shows that during the last century, three different environmental statehoods were put in place, encapsulating three characteristic interpretations and reactions to environmental problems, which were under the influence of the political theories of Hobbes, Kant and Hegel. The trend of environmental disruption and institutional reforms shows environmental statehood has the evolution of trend in Iran too. Therefore, the central question here is the evolution trend of environmental statehood of Western countries compatible with Iran's conditions? The answer to this question requires investigation of state reactions to environmental problems. In this regard, the environmental statehood model of Iran was investigated with the use of the methods of qualitative content analysis. It also focuses on the political theory of Ioris (2014). The investigation of the coercive and non-coercive policy in the environmental regulation and legislation show Legislative institutions focus on the coercive policy for environmental protection. Despite the fact that the dominance of coercion policy from in the Iran's Forests act (1942) to Soil Conservation act (2019) shows that the political ideas of Hobbes are dominant in Iran's environmental law. But, legal reforms to solve environmental and water resource problems are associated with the upholding of a specific model of environmental statehood in Iran. In fact, the most obvious features of the conventional model of environmental statehood (environmental impact assessment) and the transition period from conventional to flexible environmental statehood (sustainable development) were introduced to Iran's environmental statehood in the Sazandegi government. In addition, the results show that the state in Iran introduced more flexible approaches into the regulations of water resources without creating a prepared the ground for the transition to a more flexible environmental statehood. Such as increasing the participation of the private sector in the three levels of governance of water resources and development of legal capacity for the acceptance of market-based approaches such as the water bank into the draft of the water law. Also, introducing policy tools of the payment for ecosystem services (PES) and ecosystem services to solve the problems of water resources in watersheds. Therefore, frameworks of the flexible model of environmental statehood exist also in Iran. But, the evolution trend of environmental statehood of Iran is not according to Western countries. The environmental statehood in Iran involves the application of specific forms of market-based interaction of Hegelian state model and command-and-control approaches of conventional model of environmental statehood to the control of water resources. It should be noted that focusing on the frameworks of the features of the conventional model of environmental statehood and flexible environmental statehood cannot solve Iran's environmental problems. Therefore, it is necessary that framework of local environmental statehood be designed for Iran, which focuses on the participation of local groups. By focusing on frameworks of this model can be achieved 1) reducing social inequalities on the scale of watersheds and 2) creating a balance between people's interests in the scale of small watersheds and macro policies in the scale of large watersheds.
Seyed Ghasem Ghorbanzadeh Zaferani; Seyed Keramat Hashemi ana; amin ahmadi gaevi; Mehdi blouki; mohammad amin tolab; Ardavan Zarandian; Farhad Tayefeh
Abstract
Introduction: Considering the importance of corals in different dimensions of human life, their investigation and study will become more necessary. Kharg and Khargo islands are very important from the point of view of the environment, especially the unique coral covers. In the past few decades, many ...
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Introduction: Considering the importance of corals in different dimensions of human life, their investigation and study will become more necessary. Kharg and Khargo islands are very important from the point of view of the environment, especially the unique coral covers. In the past few decades, many potential threats such as destructive human activities related to the oil industry and the resulting wastes in coastal environments, oil and hydrocarbon pollution, industrial and urban pollution, air pollution, discharge of municipal effluents and sewage, thermal stresses caused by changes Climatic and fluctuating middle and upper water levels, fishing with nets by fishermen and hunting fish by divers in coral areas, as well as carelessness of divers, have faced many challenges in coral habitats. One of the activities that is in relative conflict with the ecosystem of Khark Island and especially the location of the coral beaches, is the activities and movements related to fishing in Khark and Khargo Island. These activities date back several decades. Extreme poverty in many areas has caused a large number of people to go fishing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the various aspects of the fishing challenge that threatens the geographical territory of coral reefs. The aim of this study is to emphasize the investigation of human-environmental challenges.
Materials and Methods: In this research, for evaluate and investigate the threats created in the geographical area the first step we investigated the challenges of fishing activity of Khark Island. Then these challenges were classified and finally analyzed and investigated the contribution of each of its aspects in the fishing communities near the coral habitat of Kharg and Khargo islands. In order to investigate fishing and fishing challenges, using the statistical method of Cronbach’s alpha analysis and Likert scale. For trust final results and analyzes must the confidence percentage was calculated and confirmed. The weights of each of the criteria were finalized by the SWARA fuzzy-numerical test. In this questionnaire, there are 21 questions and Cronbach’s alpha is at an acceptable and good level of 0.72.
Results: In the questionnaire of this research, there are 21 questions and the Cronbach's alpha level is at an acceptable and good level of 0.72. It was found that trust in the content of the questionnaire confirms. The effectiveness and weight of each of the criteria showed that the highest percentage of fishing is done by motor boats in the winter season and early in the morning (93%). The results showed that more than 85% of fishermen have not received any necessary training for fishing in coral areas, and this challenge is considered serious and fundamental. The results showed that more than 85% of fishermen have not received any necessary training for fishing in coral areas, and this challenge is considered serious and fundamental.
Discussion: The output indicates that the fishing tool is valued as a criterion with the first rank, in other words, it explains 31% of the weight of the items. On the other hand, fishing time has the lowest weight in the criteria definition with 23%. These statistical processes show that human-environmental factors should be prioritized in examining the challenges and threats of the coral reef in Khark Island. In other words, the control and management of man-made challenges and related factors can create safe coral environments.
Zahra Soltanian zade; Mohsen MirMohammadi; Mohammad Ali Zahed
Abstract
Introduction: Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) are pollutants in industrial plants that cause problems in various sources, especially air. Elimination of these toxic compounds, even to a very small extent, from these constant sources of pollutants ...
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Introduction: Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) are pollutants in industrial plants that cause problems in various sources, especially air. Elimination of these toxic compounds, even to a very small extent, from these constant sources of pollutants is important not only from an environmental but also from an economic point of view. Nowadays, the rapid industrialization of societies, especially developing countries, to meet the needs of citizens is recognized as the main cause of air pollution. Therefore, maintaining environmental standards is necessary to reduce the potential for pollutions and support sustainable development. Waterproofing production plants are one of the main sources of emissions of this group of pollutants, so the implementation of control measures and optimization of the performance of these industrial units in Delijan city as the capital of Waterproofing production is necessary and undeniable.
Material and Methods: In this study, the process of removing BTEX contaminants from Izogam Parsian Delijan factory has been evaluated and studied through simulation and process modification based on insulator design and using thermal oxidation of pollutants (BTEX) method. Questions related to the efficiency and environmental benefits of designing incinerator serve as the primary motivation for the present work. The purpose of this study is to help this evidence by assessing the environmental and technical evaluation of the performance of the incinerator unit in a BW production plant located in Delijan-Iran. Moreover, energy consumption and pollutant emissions of system have been optimized by changing the temperature and residence time of incinerator using SPSS software. It should be noted that the process of removing BTEX contaminants has been accomplished by simulation using Aspen Hysys software. In this regard, the process modification based on the Incinerator designing and using the thermal oxidation method has been evaluated.
Results: Based on the results, the temperature and residence time in optimal conditions are 732 and 0.84, respectively. Furthermore, the incinerator's control efficiency (CF) reveals that 98.5% of BTEX compounds in the exhaust gases were removed. It should be noted that the system's energy efficiency has also improved significantly in such a way that the amount of fuel consumed by the system in optimum condition has decreased by 23% compared to the initial state.have been optimized by implementing software such as SPSS and hardware elements. The results of using the incinerator in this study, the rate of control efficiency (CEF) of the device in removing the desired compounds is reported to be 98.5%. Also, the energy consumption index in this case, compared to the performance of the system without insulator in the same mode, has caused a 23% reduction in fuel consumption.
Discussion: The optimization results revealed that using incinerator in certain condition can be considered as an applicable solution for removing BTEX from industrial activities. In this regard, temperature and residence time can be determined as two significant operating indexes affecting the pollutants emission and energy consumption. According to the results, the proposed method has acceptable environmental and economic performance thus, It is also suggested the possibility of large investments to reduce the effects of BTEX pollutants in the region by coupling them to renewable energies.