نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: دست‌اندازی مداوم بشر بر حوزه­ های محیط زیست و برداشت ­های بی‌رویه و استفاده نادرست از منابع طبیعی، آسیب­ های غیرقابل جبرانی بر محیط زیست وارد نموده ­است. انسان­ ها در طول زندگی با دخالت و تأثیرات منفی خود در قواعد منظم طبیعت موجب به هم خوردن تعادل و تناسب محیط زیست شده و تا جایی پیش رفته که جامعه انسانی را با انبوهی از معضلات محیط زیستی روبه­ رو کرده است. از این رو شناخت رفتارهای نامطلوب محیطی، مدیریت و کنترل آن‌ها، زمینه ­ساز آموزش‌هایی است که باید از همان روزهای آغازین آموزش رسمی، برنامه­‌ریزان درسی از طریق محتوا و کتب درسی مدنظر قرار دهند. یکی از راه­های اثرگذار در این امر، آموزش مفاهیم محیط زیستی در دوران ابتدایی می­باشد. آموزش محیط زیست از طریق مفهوم‌سازی در کتاب­های درسی می­ تواند ابزاری حیاتی جهت مقابله با مشکلات محیط زیستی باشد. از این رو هدف پژوهش، تحلیل مفاهیم سواد محیط زیستی در کتاب‌های علوم دوره ابتدایی براساس برنامه درسی ملی است.
مواد و روش ­ها: روش پژوهش توصیفی و از نوع تحلیل محتوا است. جامعه آماری شامل کتاب‌های علوم تجربی دوره ابتدایی بوده که با توجه به ماهیت موضوع، نمونه ­گیری­ انجام نشده و همه جامعه آماری بررسی شده است. ابزار جمع ­آوری داده­ ها، سیاهه­ تحلیل محتوای محقق­ ساخته بوده که با قضاوت متخصصان ساخته شده است و داده ­های حاصل با استفاده از شاخص ­های آمار توصیفی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
نتایج: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که در کتاب­ های علوم تجربی دوره ابتدایی، براساس مؤلفه ­های سواد محیط زیستی (مدیریت مصرف آب، مدیریت مصرف برق، مدیریت مصرف گاز، مدیریت پسماند، حفظ جنگل، حفظ حیوانات) بیشترین توجه در پایه اول و سوم، مدیریت مصرف آب (79/25 و 19/35 درصد)، پایه دوم، مدیریت پسماند (69/34 درصد)، پایه چهارم، پنجم و ششم، حفظ جنگل (64/22، 15/22 و 91/31 درصد) می‌باشد. همچنین توجه به عناصر محیط زیستی در کل دوره ابتدایی (با 987 فراوانی) بیشترین توجه مربوط به کتاب علوم تجربی پایه پنجم با 47/21 درصد و کمترین توجه مربوط به پایه ششم با 28/14 درصد است. از سوی دیگر براساس اولویت­ بندی، بیشترین توجه کتاب ­های درسی علوم تجربی دوره ابتدایی به مدیریت مصرف آب (با 217 فراوانی) و کمترین توجه به مدیریت مصرف گاز (با 115 فراوانی) بوده است.
بحث: مفاهیم محیط زیستی در کتاب‌های علوم تجربی دوره ابتدایی از جایگاه مطلوب برخوردار نیست. با توجه به مشکلات محیط زیستی در کشور، پیشنهاد شد در بازنگری محتوای کتاب‌های درسی علوم تجربی بیشتر به مؤلفه ­های محیط زیستی پرداخته و محتوای محیط زیستی مهارت محور در پایه ­های اول تا سوم و پژوهش محور در پایه ­های چهارم تا ششم گنجانده شود، سازماندهی عمودی و افقی در طراحی محتوای محیط زیستی کتاب‌های درسی علوم تجربی و توزیع متوازن محتوا در پایه اول تا ششم ابتدایی رعایت شود، محتواهای بیشتر و غنی­تر با موضوع زباله در محتوای کتاب‌های­ درسی دوره ابتدایی به‌ویژه موضوع مدیریت پسماند در پایه پنجم و ششم گنجانده شود، محتوای بیشتر با موضوع انرژی و محوریت مسأله مصرف گاز در کتاب ­های پایه سوم و چهارم اختصاص داده شود، محتواهای مربوط به حفظ جنگل و حیوانات در تمام پایه­ های دوره ابتدایی گنجانده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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