بررسی تغییرات کاربری اراضی حوضه تالاب میقان با استفاده از سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران

چکیده
مقدمه: تغییرات کاربری اراضی تأثیر قابل‌توجهی بر پایداری اکوسیستم‌های طبیعی دارد و تالاب‌ها به‌عنوان زیست‌بوم‌های حساس که بیشترین خدمات اکوسیستمی را ارائه می‌کنند، در برابر این تغییرات بسیار آسیب‌پذیرند. تالاب میقان، یکی از زیستگاه‌های مهم پرندگان مهاجر در ایران، طی دهه‌های اخیر، تحت تأثیر تغییرات انسانی و اقلیمی دچار تحولاتی در کاربری اراضی شده است. بنابراین تحلیل پویایی روند تغییر کاربری پوشش اراضی و کمی‌سازی الگوی فضایی - زمانی از دست رفتن تالاب‌ها، برای مواجهه با چالش‌ها و ریسک‌های محیط زیستی، درک روندها، شناسایی مناطق حساس و آسیب‌پذیر و احیای آن‌ها، مدیریت پایدار منابع تالابی و حفاظت از این بوم‌سازگان‌های ارزشمند و همچنین سیاستگذاری و برنامه‌ریزی توسعه آینده آن‌ها، ضروری است.
مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه با هدف شناسایی و تحلیل تغییرات کاربری اراضی در حوضه آبریز تالاب میقان طی بیش از دو دهه از سال ۱۳۷۷ تا ۱۳۹۹، با استفاده از داده‌های سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) انجام شده است. در این تحقیق از تصاویر سنجنده‌های TM و OLI_TIRS ماهواره‌های لندست 5 و 8 استفاده شد. پیش پردازش با انجام تصحیحات رادیومتریک و هندسی با دقت RMSE=0.45 بر روی تصاویر صورت گرفت. عملیات پردازش شامل طبقه‌بندی به دو روش حداکثر احتمال (MLC) و ماشین بردار پشتیبان (SVM) انجام گرفت. همچنین به منظور بررسی دقت نتایج طبقه‌بندی نقشه‌های کاربری تهیه شده، پس از تشکیل ماتریس خطا، ارزیابی صحت طبقه‌بندی بر اساس معیارهای دقت کلی، ضریب کاپا، دقت تولیدکننده و دقت کاربر صورت پذیرفت. در فرآیند شناسایی تغییرات، تکنیک post-classification مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. پس از استخراج نقشه‌های کاربری اراضی برای دوره‌های زمانی مورد مطالعه، برای هر زیر حوضه از حوضه آبریز میقان، مساحت کاربری‌های مؤثر در هر دوره زمانی، شامل کاربری اراضی آبی، مسکونی- صنعتی، دیمزار، رخنمون سنگی و مرتع با یکدیگر مقایسه گردید. فرآیند تشخیص و تحلیل تغییرات، بر اساس مدل و روش طبقه‌بندی در محیط نرم افزار Arc GIS پردازش و انجام گرفت.
نتایج: نتایج ماتریس خطا، صحت و دقت بالای نقشه‌های تولیدی را نشان داد. برای هر یک از روش‌های طبقه‌بندی ماشین بردار پشتیبان و حداکثر احتمال به ترتیب، ضریب کاپای 68/0 و 91/0 و صحت کلی 57/71 و 12/93 برای سال ۱۳۷۷ و ضریب کاپای 90/0 و 92/0 و صحت کلی 11/93 و 56/94 برای سال ۱۳۹۹ بدست آمد. همچنین روش حداکثر احتمال عملکرد بهتری نسبت به روش ماشین بردار پشتیبان در فرآیند طبقه‌بندی تصاویر داشته است. پوشش/کاربری اراضی مرتعی طی دوره مطالعه ۹۳/۱۶ درصد کاهش یافته است. بیشترین میزان کاهش در زیرحوضه ابراهیم‌آباد مشاهده می‌شود، که کاهش ۶۱ درصدی را نشان می‌دهد. اراضی کشاورزی، به‌ویژه اراضی آبی و باغات، رشد ۳۵/۱۲ درصدی  را نشان می‌دهد. اراضی دیم نیز جز زیرحوضه کرهرود، در همه زیرحوضه‌ها افزایش یافته اند. همچنین در تمامی زیرحوضه‌ها به‌جز زیرحوضه ابراهیم‌آباد، کاربری مسکونی- صنعتی روند افزایشی داشته است.
بحث: طی بازه زمانی ۲۲ ساله مورد بررسی، کاربری/پوشش اراضی در حوضه آبریز میقان، به عنوان اکوسیستمی حساس و شکننده، دستخوش تغییرات گسترده‌ای شده است. همچنین، تغییرات اقلیمی، گسترش فعالیت‌های انسانی و بهره‌برداری بی‌رویه از منابع منجر به کاهش وسعت تالاب شده است. این عوامل، در یک تعامل پیچیده، موجب شکل‌گیری یک چرخه توسعه ناپایدار شده‌اند که نه‌تنها پایداری منابع آب و خاک را تهدید می‌کند، بلکه کارکردهای اکولوژیک منطقه را نیز دستخوش تغییرات اساسی می‌سازد. در صورت عدم توجه و مدیریت صحیح در حوضه آبریز تالاب میقان، نه تنها مرکز ارائه خدمات اکوسیستمی نخواهد بود، بلکه می‌تواند به منبع اصلی تولید ریزگردها و تهدیدی برای سلامت محیط زیست و جوامع محلی تبدیل شود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد، که داده‌های سنجش از دور و تحلیل‌های سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، می‌توانند نقش اساسی در تحلیل الگوهای تغییرات محیطی تالاب‌ها ایفا نموده و با ارائه داده‌های مکانی- زمانی دقیق، به تصمیم‌گیری‌ها و تدوین راهبردهای محیط زیستی کمک شایانی نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


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