بررسی رابطه بین مصرف انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر و تخریب محیط زیست

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

10.22034/envj.2025.485997.1427
چکیده
مقدمه: در دهه‌‏های اخیر، فعالیت‌های انسانی به‏‌طور قابل توجهی به محیط‌زیست آسیب وارد کرده است و در حال حاضر، انتشار گازهای گلخانه‏‌ای و گرم شدن کره‏ی زمین از مهم‏ترین مسائل زیست محیطی هستند. استفاده از انرژی‏‌های فسیلی سهم عمده‏ای در انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌‏ای و در نتیجه تخریب محیط زیست توسط بشر داشته است. با توجه به نقش انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر در کاهش انتشار آلاینده‌ها و در نتیجه کاهش تخریب محیط‌زیست، استفاده بیشتر از این انرژی‌‏ها توجه کشورها را به خود جلب کرده است. لذا، در این مطالعه به بررسی رابطه بین مصرف انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر و تخریب محیط زیست (شاخص ردپای اکولوژیک) در 38 کشور با درآمد متوسط رو به پایین طی دوره زمانی 1997 تا 2020 پرداخته شده است. 
مواد و روش‌‏ها: بدین منظور از سیستم معادلات همزمان و روش حداقل مربعات سه مرحله‌ای (3SLS) استفاده شد. به‏‌منظور تخمین سیستم معادلات همزمان، اول مانایی متغیرها بررسی و برای پرهیز از رگرسیون ساختگی با استفاده از آزمون کائو، هم انباشتگی معادلات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس با استفاده از آزمون هاسمن، انتخاب از بین دو روش تخمین داده‎های ترکیبی صورت گرفت. پس از آن، آزمون اریب همزمانی به‌‏منظور بررسی وجود همزمانی بین متغیرهای درون‌زا انجام شد و در نهایت به‏‌منظور تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات، سیستم معادلات با استفاده از روش 3SLS برآورد گردید. آمار و اطلاعات لازم از سایت شبکه جهانی ردپا و پایگاه اطلاعات و آمار بانک جهانی برای دوره زمانی 2020-1997 جمع‏آوری شد. 
نتایج: نتایج تجربی نشان داد که بین تخریب محیط زیست و مصرف انرژی‏‌های تجدیدپذیر یک رابطه منفی وجود دارد و با افزایش یک واحدی مصرف انرژی‏های تجدیدپذیر، ردپای اکولوژیک 0071/0 کاهش می‌یابد. با افزایش یک واحدی متغیرهای سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی، شهرنشینی، نوآوری‌های تکنولوژیک و رشد اقتصادی، میزان مصرف انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر به‌‏ترتیب 78/0،  32/0، 06/0 و 33/9 واحد کاهش می‏‌یابد. میزان مصرف انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر با افزایش یک واحدی در متغیر رانت منابع طبیعی، 34/0 واحد افزایش می‌یابد. یک واحد افزایش در متغیرهای تولید محصولات زراعی، شاخص تولیدات دامی، شاخص توسعه مالی سبب افزایش 0022/0، 0042/0 و 0107/0 واحدی ردپای اکولوژیک خواهد شد. با افزایش یک واحدی سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی، ردپای اکولوژیک 023/0 واحد کاهش می‏‌یابد.
بحث: نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش مصرف انرژی‌‏های تجدیدپذیر می‏‌توان کیفیت محیط زیست را بهبود بخشید. بخش مالی، منابع را به بنگاه‌هایی تخصیص داده که منجر به افزایش پسماندهای صنعتی، انتشار آلودگی‏‌ها و در نتیجه تخریب محیط‌زیست شده است. بخش کشاورزی از طریق پرورش دام، آمونیاک موجود در کودها در مزارع کشاورزی، تالاب‌های فاضلاب‌های دامی، ذبح حیوانات گوشتی، تولید ذرت و پروتئین سویا، پالایش قند، فرآوری پشم و موارد دیگر سبب ایجاد آلودگی و تخریب محیط زیست شده است. سرمایه‏‌های خارجی می‌‏تواند تخریب محیط زیست را با تسهیل توسعه فن‏آوری‏‌های مدرن دوستدار محیط زیست کاهش دهد. افزایش بازدهی منابع طبیعی به مردم انگیزه می‌دهد تا از آن‌ها به‏طور مؤثر و کارا استفاده کنند و مصرف انرژی‏‌های تجدیدپذیر را افزایش می‏‌دهد. لذا هدایت سرمایه‌گذاری‏‌های مستقیم خارجی و نوآوری‌های تکنولوژیک به سمت استفاده بیشتر از انرژی‌‏های تجدیدپذیر، افزایش بازدهی منابع طبیعی، هدایت منابع ملی به سمت فعالیت‏‌ها و تکنولوژی‏‌های سازگار با محیط زیست، افزایش بهره‌‏وری تولید محصولات زراعی و دامی و استفاده از فن‏‌آوری‏‌های سازگار با محیط زیست در بخش کشاورزی می‏‌تواند به کاهش تخریب محیط زیست کمک نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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